Cognitive Transformations and Extended Expertise

Abstract

Expertise is extended by becoming immersed in cultural practices. We look at an example of mathematical expertise in which immersion in cognitive practices results in the transformation of expert performance.     

Expertise in Counseling Psychology: A Concept in Search of Support

Despite the documented efficacy of counseling, evidence supporting a claim of expertise among counseling practitioners is found to be lacking. A review of selected literature finds that counselors frequently hold inacurate or biased cognitive schemata concerning clients and engage in faulty reasoning regarding clients' concerns—producing clinical judgments that appear no better than those of less experienced individuals (novices). The concept of expertise in counseling may be justified if clinical judgment is viewed as an ill-structured problem and the criterion for judging expertise is changed from enhanced clinical accuracy to one of enhanced clinical certainty.     

Characterizing Expert Psychologist Behavior: Implications from Selected Expertise Literature

This article selectively reviews literature on the development of expertise in counseling and on assessment tasks of professional psychologists. Relevant theories of the development of expertise are reviewed, as well as selected research on medical diagnostic expertise. Whereas counselor development models have become widely used conceptual tools, similar theories from the expertise literature have been relatively neglected despite their promise. Design features and research issues from investigations of medical diagnostic expertise, including the use of forward and backward reasoning processes, might help operationalize expertise in professional psychology.     

Cognitive Tools in a Clinical Encounter in Medicine: Supporting Empathy and Expertise in Distributed Systems

This paper examines how, in use, culturally-provided tools can be said to embody knowledge and distribute thinking. It focuses on the routine procedures used by medical professionals to investigate patient complaints and examines explicit and implicit contributions of these conventional procedures to distributed thinking in clinical encounters in medicine. After characterizing these tools, examples of how the tools guide and constrain medical problem solving are provided. The tools support the development and exercise of the routines characteristic of medical expertise, while at the same time preserving the nonroutine, controlled deliberation necessary for sound and ethical medical care. The paper concludes with ways in which the tools' role in thinking can be promoted through medical education, particularly during students' early clinical exposure: (a) Organizing learning experiences that expose the tools' meanings; (b) exploiting the benefits of small group work to promote collaborative and individual competencies in distributed systems; and (c) explicitly utilizing the products of thinking with these tools to further the goals shared by participants in clinical encounters.     

Searching for Expertise in Counseling, Psychotherapy, and Professional Psychology

The expertise literature within cognitive science has provided a rich series of ideas which can be used to improve applied practice. The authors of the articles in this special issue have taken many of these ideas and made useful elaborations and extensions. In reaction to the articles, we suggest five blocks to a full utilization of the expertise literature and other constructs in practitioner development. These blocks are: (a) the need to go beyond the cognitive realm to the working alliance for the fundamental construct in the domain; (b) the need to realize that the novice-to-expert path takes a long time—perhaps 15 years—to travel; (c) the inappropriate use of a short experience differential in comparative studies of novices and experts; (d) the importance of reflection for development; and (e) the need for professors, in order to be experts, to also be practitioners in the domain.     

高校教师践行“以德为行，以学为上”的路径分析

"以德为行,以学为上"的教育理念,是广东技术师范学院党委书记邝邦洪教授总结自己从事几十年教育的经验提出来的。这一理念对于21世纪大学生的成长成才有重要的指导作用,对高校教师实现教书育人的人生价值有积极的现实意义。高校教师应从加强认识、树立终身学习的观念以及建立健全机制等方面努力践行"以德为行,以学为上"的理念。     

学习进阶:关注学生认知发展和生活经验

2012年,美国正式发布了《K-12科学教育框架:实践、通用概念及核心概念》最终版。作为全美新一代科学教育标准的指导性文件,该框架使用了学习进阶连贯地表征出学生在各学段应达成的学习目标。学习进阶的提出与定义、组成要素、理论基础及其构建与呈现方式决定了其对学生认知发展和已有生活经验的关注,使其成为教育研究与教学紧密结合的桥梁,也是设计与实现少而精、连贯一致的中小学科学课程的必然需求。当前,国际科学教育领域已由学习进阶的研究与设计阶段迈向应用与实践层面,而我国对学习进阶的认识与研究仍处于起步阶段,亟须在中小学科学教育领域展开对学习进阶的深入研究。     

新手到专家:职业专长发展的必由之路

专家——新手这一研究思路最初应用于象棋、物理、医学等职业专长领域，以后逐渐应用于学、体育、音乐等领域。在不同的职业领域存在不同的专长。职业专长的发展是一个长期学习和实践的过程。新手与专家的职业专长发展存在差异这些差异的影响因素主要在动机、实践训练、知觉、知识经验等方面。找到这些影响因素，对于职业指导与职业培训具有重要的意义。     

主观性研究的两种取向——共性·差异·互补性

在当代认知—功能语言学中,主观性已成为一个不可或缺的概念,围绕这一概念发展出了两大流派：以Langacker为代表的共时取向及以Traugott为代表的历时取向。通过深入透视两者的共性与分歧,以明确各自的优缺利弊,在此基础上探索两者在研究层面及研究视角上的互补性,最后提出主观化的多重维度。     

双语对儿童认知发展的影响

双语对认知发展的影响一直是心理学家较为关注的问题。国外的一些研究发现双语对认知发展有积极的影响,另一些研究却没有发现这种优势。这些研究存在取样偏差和对双语定义方面的问题,以后的研究应该严密控制这些变量以揭示双语对认知发展的真正影响。     

超常儿童的认知发展及其教育策略

超常儿童是世界各国教育界广泛注意的一个主题,特别是认知特点的研究更为大家所关心。当前,对超常儿童的认知发展研究主要集中于认知加工速度、知识基础、元认知和问题解决策略上。现在,超常教育领域也有许多要研究解决的问题,需要心理学界与教育界的通力合作。     

抑制机制发展:认知发展研究的新视野

过去的认知和认知发展研究偏重于对激活过程的考察,随着当前认知科学和神经科学的进一步发展,从新的角度在更高的层次重新触发了人们对认知抑制及其发展机制的兴趣,使之成为国际认知和认知发展领域正在迅速崛起的一个重要课题。从无意向抑制和有意抑制两个方面的介绍可了解认知和认知发展领域近期关于抑制及其发展研究的状况和进展。     

手语在听觉障碍儿童认知发展中的作用

和健听儿童相比 ,听觉障碍儿童的认知发展水平要低 ,主要表现为抽象逻辑思维水平低。造成这一结果的主要原因通常被认为是语言的发展不良。我国聋教育主要是以口语教学为主。但是 ,单纯的发展口语是不是最适合听力障碍儿童的认知发展 ?听力障碍儿童使用手语对他们认知发展有何影响 ?本文试从理论剖析和现实中的事例来说明 :对那些不能通过听觉通道来获得口语的听力障碍儿童来说 ,手语的使用在他们的认知发展中有积极的作用     

认知诗学的发展、意义及前景

认知诗学是认知语言学和文学相结合产生的一门学科。它建立在认知语言学和认知心理学基础之上,并发展了自己的理论,成为文学理论的研究的一个崭新领域。系统介绍了认知诗学的起源、发展、主要理论成就,并指出了现在研究中存在的问题,并展望了认知诗学未来的发展方向。     

The Effects of a Kit-Based Science Curriculum and Intensive Science Professional Development on Elementary Student Science Achievement

The science achievement of 226 5th graders from districts that have a kit-based inquiry science curriculum supported by intensive professional development (PD) is compared with data from a group of 173 5th graders from other districts that use nonkit science materials and do not have systematic science PD for teachers. Within the kit-based project, the sample of project teachers is stratified to select teachers with a high number of science PD hours versus those with few hours. While there were no significant differences in the mean total scores for kit-based students with low PD versus high PD teachers, the kit-based classrooms scored significantly higher than students in nonkit classrooms on both the pretest and posttest, though there were significantly more minutes of science instruction in the nonkit classrooms. Finally, nonkit teachers taught more units of shorter length and reported lower levels of preparedness to use reform pedagogical approaches.     

体验哲学与认知语言学

认知语言学研究在国内外方兴未艾.认知语言学的哲学基础是体验哲学.本文评述了体验哲学的背景、重要原则及其对认知语言学的影响.     

自闭症的太田阶段评价法与认知发展疗法

自闭症是以行为特点定义的一组症候群,而其背后存在着自闭症的特异性的认知发展不均衡现象。太田阶段评价法是一种评价自闭症儿童的认知程度的方法。依据太田阶段而实施的治疗教育实践,被称为“认知发展疗法”。以太田阶段为轴心进行系统的、连续的发展训练,不仅可以提高自闭症儿童的认知、情绪的发展,促进其适应性行为的形成,同时可以预防行为障碍的发生。     

教师教学专长的发展维度初探

教师专业发展的实质是教学专长的不断提高。教学技能、教学能力、教学艺术是教师教学专长发展过程的阶段特征,不同的发展阶段决定了教师教育的需求差异。在教师教学专长发展的三维内涵基础上,提出教师教育的若干建议。