A call for more mixed methods in sport management research

Despite the popularity and strong advocacy for combining quantitative and qualitative methods, few mixed methods approaches are found in the sport management research. As a result, this article examines the frequency with which mixed methods research has been used in recent sport management research, and demonstrates ways in which mixed methods can help improve the validity of research findings in sport management related topics. Because research in sport management often is concerned with causal questions, this article provides mixed methods designs for improving causal inference. Examples are provided from three areas of sport management research, including marketing, organizational behavior, and finance. The designs that are provided are based on the mixed methods design dimensions of time order and priority of quantitative and qualitative data.     

近十年国内外羽毛球教学研究最新进展及启示——基于2011-2021年29篇文献的系统性文献综述法

为厘清国内外近十年(2011-2021年) 羽毛球教学领域研究的最新进展,该研究采用系统性文献综述法,选取Web of Science、EBSCO、Elsevier、中国知网等数据库中的27篇高质量实证研究论文,从研究主题、研究情境、研究方法、研究因变量四个方面进行统计分析,得出以下结论:(1)从研究主题上看,羽毛球教学领域的研究主题主要集中在教学法与教学设计、信息化技术与教学融合和羽毛球训练3个方面,其中又以教学法与教学设计的研究最多;(2)从研究情境上看,羽毛球教学领域研究主要面对大学生开展小样本、短周期的研究;(3)从研究方法上看,羽毛球教学实证研究仍集中于收集定量数据,针对定性数据的收集方法较少,且定性数据的收集方法使用频率也较低;(4)从研究因变量上看,国内外羽毛球教学的实证研究大都关注学习者的运动能力,而关注健康行为的研究偏少,且几乎没有研究将体育品德作为研究因变量。可见,目前羽毛球教学领域研究存在研究主题不够全面和深入、研究方法综合运用欠缺、研究情景较为单一、研究因变量存在空缺等问题。最后,探讨了该研究对羽毛球教学实践和科学研究带来的启示,以期促进我国羽毛球教学的发展。     

我国运动训练理论发展进入了整体质变的转折时期

为实现我国运动训练理论与体系的发展变革,进一步发挥理论对实践的先导作用,通过文献资料调研、辩证思维等方法,对我国运动训练理论进行了较为系统的梳理,并提出了新世纪基本完成了运动训练理论量变的过程并孕育着质变的发端,新时代打下了运动训练理论质变的坚实基础,新变革将有力地推进运动训练理论质变并孕育新的一轮发展变化。特别指出了从自主创新上突破,发展具有自身特色与优势的运动训练理论的基本思想、基本问题和基本内容架构,对一般训练理论初步提出了篇、章、节所研究的基本问题,建议建立与丰富竞技运动大项、小项的专项运动训练理论和个案运动训练理论。     

Mixing methods in assessing coaches' decision making

Mixing methods has recently achieved respectability as an appropriate approach to research design, offering a variety of advantages (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003). The purpose of this paper is to outline and evaluate a mixed methods approach within the domain of coaches' decision making. Illustrated with data from a policy-capturing study on coaches' decisions about an injured gymnast's participation in competition, the approach involves the concurrent collection of quantitative and qualitative data and a three-phase process of data analysis. It is argued that (a) the method described can provide additional insights into the factors involved in coaches' decision making, beyond those provided via quantitative or qualitative methods alone, and (b) mixing methods holds promise for coaching research more generally.     

The analysis of athletic performance: some practical and philosophical considerations

This article presents a hypothetical dialogue between a notational analyst (NA) recently schooled in the positivistic assessment of athletic performance, an ‘old-school’ traditional coach (TC) who favours subjective analysis, and a pragmatic educator (PE). The conversation opens with NA and TC debating the respective value of quantitative and qualitative methods of performance analysis. Having considered their arguments from a-distance, PE offers a philosophically underpinned point of view that helps to practically reconcile NA's and TC's opposing positions. While primarily focusing on practical issues relating to the analysis of athletic performance, PE contends that ‘quantitative’ and ‘qualitative’ approaches can be legitimately used in combination. Such a stance would appear in-line with a pragmatic philosophical perspective, which by focusing on practical issues embraces pluralistic methods. It is hoped that this dialogue will facilitate further philosophical and practical debate to generate knowledge that could enrich coaches' understanding by presenting an approach to performance analysis that is more realistic for practitioners.     

Gender integration of a core content area teacher/athletic coach in the rural southeastern United States

Research on the occupational socialization of teachers and coaches has largely centered on physical education teachers and rarely on teachers from core content areas (i.e. English, foreign language, mathematics, science and social studies) who also coach athletics. The primary purpose of this single-case study was to explore the socialization of a first-year, core content area teacher/athletic coach at a small high school in the rural southeastern United States. Various qualitative techniques were utilized during data collection, while data analysis consisted of a system of open, axial and selective coding. Four themes emerged and were viewed through the lens of teacher identity. Themes include gender and opportunity; interactions within the school culture; teaching and coaching expectations; and interrole conflict and complementarity. Findings from this study hope to shed light on the need for further research on core content area teacher-coaches, while adding to the existing literature on females in the coaching profession and the roles of academics and athletics in rural areas.     

A mixed methods approach to compare elite sport policies of nations. A critical reflection on the use of composite indicators in the SPLISS study

Abstract

This paper discusses the utility of mixed methods research in international comparative studies on elite sport policies and (quantitative) composite indicators (CIs) in particular. It illustrates how complex and large amounts of data in 15 nations have been objectified into easily understood formats, CIs. Using a nine Pillar model, data were collected through a research inventory and surveys completed by 3142 elite athletes, 1376 coaches and 241 performance directors. Ninety-six critical success factors and 750 sub-factors were aggregated into a CI. The paper shows how CIs are helpful in identifying a possible (non) relationship between elite sport policies and success, in facilitating interpretation and comparison, and in understanding differences and convergences in elite sport systems. However, there are a number of drawbacks, for example, understanding elite sport policies as part of a broader social, cultural and political context. Complementary qualitative analysis is necessary and has been used to interpret elite sport policies of nations.     

Analysis of swimming performance: perceptions and practices of US-based swimming coaches

In elite swimming, a broad range of methods are used to assess performance, inform coaching practices and monitor athletic progression. The aim of this paper was to examine the performance analysis practices of swimming coaches and to explore the reasons behind the decisions that coaches take when analysing performance. Survey data were analysed from 298 Level 3 competitive swimming coaches (245 male, 53 female) based in the United States. Results were compiled to provide a generalised picture of practices and perceptions and to examine key emerging themes. It was found that a disparity exists between the importance swim coaches place on biomechanical analysis of swimming performance and the types of analyses that are actually conducted. Video-based methods are most frequently employed, with over 70% of coaches using these methods at least monthly, with analyses being mainly qualitative in nature rather than quantitative. Barriers to the more widespread use of quantitative biomechanical analysis in elite swimming environments were explored. Constraints include time, cost and availability of resources, but other factors such as sources of information on swimming performance and analysis and control over service provision are also discussed, with particular emphasis on video-based methods and emerging sensor-based technologies.     

Female athletes,women's sport,and the sport media commercial complex: Have we really “come a long way,baby”?

The 2012 London Olympic Games were heralded as the “Year of the Woman” as every delegation sent a female athlete to compete in the games, and nearly 45% of all athletes were women. Indeed, sport participation amongst girls and women is currently at an all-time high, and these sportswomen deliver remarkable athletic performances. However, female athletes and women's sport still receive starkly disparate treatment by the sport media commercial complex compared to male athletes and men's sport. This review documents these qualitative and quantitative differences and discusses the negative impact this differential coverage has on consumer perceptions of women's sport and female athletes. Additionally, the author examines explanations for these differences. The review concludes with suggestions for future research and strategies for change.     

残疾大学生运动员的运动同一性与运动定向的关系研究

通过对31名残疾大学生运动员和31名大学生运动员的问卷调查,发现残疾大学生运动员的运动同一性和运动定向的各个指标之间都存在显著相关,这点与大学生运动员不同。研究还发现,男女残疾大学生运动员在运动同一性和运动定向上的特点不同;残疾大学生运动员和大学生运动员相比,在运动同一性上也存在不同特点;残疾大学生运动员在社会同一性上的强度低于大学生运动员。研究结果证实了提出的两个假设,即社会同一性和自我同一性与运动定向之间存在显著正相关,在排他同一性得分高的运动员在消极情感上得分也高。     

对第5届全国体育科学大会论文研究方法的分析

本文通过对第 5届全国体育科学大会专题报告和书面交流共 785篇论文研究方法的分析 ,探讨了本次大会主要报告论文的研究方法特点。结果显示 :不同的学科专业体现了各自特色的研究方法 ,但运用综合研究方法不够 ,定性和定量比例不平衡 ,研究方法过于偏重等问题还有待改进 ,以期达到各学科更好地交叉 ,各研究方法更好地综合 ,逐步提高体育科研水平的目的。     

Identity regulation in the North American field of men’s professional ice hockey: An examination of organizational control and preparation for athletic career retirement

Quality of adjustment to athletic career retirement is dependent, in part, on athletic identity salience, or the degree to which one defines themself in the athlete role. Researchers, however, have seldom explored how athlete identities are shaped and reshaped by organizations and managers prior to retirement. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to examine identity regulation in the North American field of men's professional ice hockey. Results from the study indicate that managers regulated a bipartite athletic identity, defined by performance excellence and beneficence; a largely self-directed, non-sporting alternative; and a nascent merger between the two. Further, regulation was found to limit individual development and, in turn, preparation for athletic career retirement. In an effort to assist athletes in developing identities that are more conducive to retirement and individual long-term well-being, the author suggests that organizations and managers in professional ice hockey challenge and reform extant practices and modes of regulation.     

对12、13届亚运会田径运动水平的量化评价与比较研究

本文运用达标类体育项目运动水平百分制评定法，以12、13届亚运会当年的世界田径最好成绩为标准，对12、13届亚运会田径运动水平进行了定量分析与比较研究。结果表现：与第12届亚运会相比，第13届亚运会田径运动水平男子呈停滞状态，女子呈下降趋势。     

我国马拉松跑者深度休闲特质的质性研究

在"马拉松热"的背景下,对跑步参与过程中马拉松跑者的深度休闲特质进行探究。采用滚雪球抽样方式,对20名马拉松跑者进行半结构式访谈,通过质性分析软件NVivo 11.0对访谈资料进行分析。研究结果表明马拉松跑者具有深度休闲的6个特质:坚持不懈、生涯性、显著的个人努力、强烈的认同感、独特的文化、持久的收益。本研究进一步丰富了已有研究成果,其中坚持不懈中的"毅力"和"自我管理"两方面体现了马拉松项目的特点。对马拉松跑者来讲,经济回报和团队发展并不是明显的持久收益。本研究结果拓展了对我国"马拉松热"现象的理解,未来应采用定量方法进行深入研究。     

运动鞋性能指标及测试方法研究

通过查阅、分析大量有关运动鞋性能的文献资料，根据可借鉴的数据和方法理论，结合运动鞋的物理性质，阐述了运动鞋性能指标测试的目的和意义，确定运动鞋性能指标（防滑性能、减震性能、透气性能、鞋内材料吸放湿性能、鞋底厚度与体重的关系、鞋尖翘度等）的测试原理以及测试方法．对其发展趋势作了预测；为运动鞋性能检测方法的研究和测试提供参考，并为研究和制订国家运动鞋业的行业标准提供科学理论依据。     

A case study of Twitter as a research tool

Abstract

This paper documents the process of utilizing Twitter for a doctoral dissertation in rugby governance, and highlights the key benefits of using Twitter as a research tool. Research followed a case study approach to delve into the four major uses of Twitter: (1) a warning system for dramas or incidents relating to one’s research field; (2) data collection; (3) finding and recruiting research subjects; and (4) building a personal research brand. The research design used a mixed method approach that combined qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. The findings serve as the basis for the pursuit of more detailed future research with Twitter as the principal medium in focus within the area of sport.     

PM污染对运动员健康和运动表现的影响

雾霾是社会广泛关注的问题,PM是雾霾的主要组成成分。大量研究表明PM污染会对呼吸系统和心血管系统造成不良影响,PM污染会引起呼吸道和心血管系统的一系列不良反应,并可能导致运动表现下降。但目前关于PM污染对运动表现的影响的研究还非常少,只有极少量关于急性PM污染暴露对运动表现影响的研究,几乎没有关于长期暴露对运动表现的影响的研究。对现有的PM污染对运动员健康和运动表现影响的有关研究进行综述,以期为相关研究开展和在高PM污染环境下运动提供借鉴与参考。