School Science Problem Solving:

No abstract available for this article.     

面向问题求解的设计理论(下)

问题求解是日常生活和专业工作领域中最重要的认知活动。本根据问题的结构、领域特征(抽象)和复杂性三个维度描速了问题类剐之闻的区别；然后扼要地描述了影响问艇解决的系列个体差异；最后，阐释了问道的类型。本的目的在于倡导一种问题求解的无理论，以带动更多的交流和研究，而并非给问题求解的过程提供某种确定性的答案。     

面向问题求解的设计理论(上)

问题求解是日常生活和专业工作领域中最重要的认知活动。本文根据问题的结构、领域特征(抽象)和复杂性三个维度描述了问题类别之间的区别;描述了影响问题解决的系列个体差异;阐释了问题的类型。本文的目的在于倡导一种问题求解的元理论,以带动更多的交流和研究．而并非给问题求解的过程提供某种确定性的答案。     

Toward Group Problem Solving Guidelines for 21st Century Teams

Effective problem‐solving skills are criticial in dealing with ambiguous and often complex issues in the present‐day leaner and globally diverse organizations. Yet respected, well‐established problem‐solving models may be misaligned within the current work environment, particularly within a team context. Models learned from a more bureaucratic, homogenously functional organizational structure were not designed specifically to acknowledge and capitalize on the intellectual and functional diversity of teams, to ap‐ppropriate a range of technologies in the process and to work within a more holistic, contextualized view of the problem. Using a case study of a software integration project within a global training company, this article describes possible guidelines for problem solving for 21st century teams.     

Teaching Creativity and Inventive Problem Solving in Science

Engaging learners in the excitement of science, helping them discover the value of evidence-based reasoning and higher-order cognitive skills, and teaching them to become creative problem solvers have long been goals of science education reformers. But the means to achieve these goals, especially methods to promote creative thinking in scientific problem solving, have not become widely known or used. In this essay, I review the evidence that creativity is not a single hard-to-measure property. The creative process can be explained by reference to increasingly well-understood cognitive skills such as cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control that are widely distributed in the population. I explore the relationship between creativity and the higher-order cognitive skills, review assessment methods, and describe several instructional strategies for enhancing creative problem solving in the college classroom. Evidence suggests that instruction to support the development of creativity requires inquiry-based teaching that includes explicit strategies to promote cognitive flexibility. Students need to be repeatedly reminded and shown how to be creative, to integrate material across subject areas, to question their own assumptions, and to imagine other viewpoints and possibilities. Further research is required to determine whether college students'' learning will be enhanced by these measures.     

Flowing Toward Correct Contributions During Group Problem Solving: A Statistical Discourse Analysis

Groups that created more correct ideas (correct contributions or CCs) might be more likely to solve a problem, and students' recent actions (micro-time context) might aid CC creation. 80 high school students worked in groups of 4 on an algebra problem. Groups with higher mathematics grades or more CCs were more likely to solve the problem. Dynamic multilevel analysis statistically identified watersheds (breakpoints) that divided each group's conversation into distinct time periods with many CCs versus few CCs, and modeled the groups' 2,951 conversation turns. Wrong contributions, correct evaluations of one another's ideas, justifications, and polite disagreements increased the likelihood of a CC. In contrast, questions, rude disagreements, and agreements reduced it. Justifications had the largest effects, whereas the effects of correct evaluations lasted 3 speaker turns. Some effects differed across groups or time periods. In groups that solved the problem, justifications were more likely to yield CCs, and questions were more likely to elicit explanations. Meanwhile, the effects of agreements and correct evaluations on CCs differed across time periods. Applied to practice, teachers can encourage students to evaluate others' ideas carefully and politely, express and justify their own ideas, and explain their answers to group members' questions.     

社会计划问题的求解

本主要考虑如何利用对数线性化方法解社会计划问题。以及如何利用M工具包得到其数值解．主要介绍献[2]、[3]中最新的求解方法。     

基于案例推理的问题解决

现实世界中的非良构问题是复杂多变的,致使传统的基于规则的推理与基于模型的推理不能满足这一动态的、不可控的复杂问题解决的需要。基于案例推理是认知科学专家所揭示的一种推理方式。它以其强调案例知识、情景记忆、类比推理、预期失败及经验反思等认知过程已经逐渐成为人们面向复杂问题解决的一个有效的、可信服的认知模式。该模式给教育工作带来很多启示,产生了一些关于有效地促进学习的建议。这些已经被应用至包括教育在内的某些领域的真实问题解决和学习之中。     

社会科学领域的问题解决研究及其教学意义

社会科学的教学似乎是一大难题,社会科学领域的问题解决研究(以认知心理学中兴起的专家一新手比较为研究范型),提出了社会科学领域的知识与问题解决的能力的关系的问题,为社会科学教学的改革提供了一条崭新的思路。 一、社会科学问题解决的有关研究概述 任何问题都有初始状态和目标状态,从初始状     

理科问题解决中的多重表征模型及其教学价值

从现有研究状况来看,心理学领域的问题解决研究和学科问题解决及其教学研究之间仍然缺乏有机结合.以表征为切入点和突破口,指出了约翰斯顿所提出的表征类型和化学三角形的缺陷;依据表征对象的空间尺度和抽象程度,修正并扩展了表征类型的概念和关系;依据认知的深刻程度建立了多重表征模型;深入阐述了该模型的结构、特征及其教学价值.多重表征模型可以较好地阐释学习的过程并指导教学实践,是构建认知理论和理科学科教学实践之间的桥梁.     

一种广义矩问题的求解方法

分析了随机最优化领域中广义矩问题及其对偶问题的关系，从而提出了广义矩问题的一种新的求解方法．     

递推问题的求解方法

递推是计算机科学和数学中很重要的工具,阐述了求解递推问题的一般方法,通过实例详细介绍了具体的求解过程.并给出了相应的程序.     

关于问题求解

问题求解一直是人工智能学科的主题之一。本文建立环境C下的限制物无可拓空间用于包括矛盾问题在内的一般问题的表示及求解，并给出了问题求解策略及求解算法，使问题求解更具智能色彩。     

Problem Solving:

No abstract available for this article.     

谈有关抽象函数问题的解决策略

抽象函数相关问题的解决，总策略是将抽象条件转化为相应的函数性质，进一步利用图形语言，利用条件等式，依托函数模型，用整体考虑、合理化归等方法揭示函数性质，解决抽象函数问题。     

一道赛题的多种解法

已知x、y∈R，且满足√x＋2＋√y-5=6．求x＋2y的最小值和最大值．     

高师大二学生数学解题的元认知对解题成绩的影响

高师数学专业二年级学生数学解题中的元认知对解题成绩的影响如下:(1)元认知的认知体验因素对简单题成绩有显著影响和回归效应.(2)元认知的任务知识、策略知识、认知体验、情感体验、评价等因素对难题成绩有显著影响,而情感体验与反思因素有显著回归效应.(3)元认知的情感体验、评价、反思、调控因素对开放题成绩有显著影响,而情感体验与反思、调控因素有显著回归效应.(4)高、低元认知水平组的难题、开放题成绩存在显著差异.     

试解"李约瑟难题"--从中国传统思维方式的角度思考

思维方式包括三个部分：自然观、价值观和方法论。中国传统的自然观重整体轻部分，重政治伦理轻自然；传统的方法论重直觉顿悟方法轻科学实证方法；传统的价值导向注重经验实用轻理论。本文从这三个方面出发，通过中西对比，揭示了中国传统思维下中国不能产生近代科学和技术的原因。