从国际比较看区域竞争力的发展路径

一个地区或国家的竞争力发展都有其相应的路径,明确这一路径及其有关要求,对竞争力的发展有重要意义。为此,本文通过发达国家技术领先企业、新西兰企业和韩国半导体工业能力发展路径的比较,对我国区域竞争力发展的可能路径作了简要描述。     

Turning loose the invisible hand: New Zealand's information technology policy

Abstract

Information technology (IT) policy in New Zealand has closely paralleled the broader economic policies that have prevailed in the country. Until the mid‐1980s, economic policy was inwardly oriented, marked by high trade barriers and heavy government regulation. In 1984, the Labor government responded to a balance of payments crisis with a radical program of economic liberalization. By the end of the decade, this process had fundamentally altered the New Zealand economy through deregulation, privatization, and public sector reform.

IT policy likewise moved from protectionism and centralized control to almost pure laissez faire. Tariffs on computer hardware were lowered from 40% to 10%. Government computing was moved from a central data processing bureau and placed under the control of individual departments. In terms of IT production, the government has refused to provide any significant incentives or subsidies to the fledgling software industry, feeling the industry should succeed or fail on its own.

Under laissez faire policies, New Zealand has become a heavy user of IT, ranking behind only Japan in the Asia‐Pacific region for IT spending as a percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). It has also had some success as a producer and exporter of software. However, the hands‐off approach to the industry is likely to prove problematic in an international environment in which many countries have explicit strategies to improve their infrastructure for IT production and/or directly subsidize the industry. New Zealand is unlikely to become a hardware producer, but it has a number of endowments favoring software production, particularly its well‐educated, English‐speaking workforce. However, it faces obstacles, such as a small domestic market, distance from international markets, and a shortage of venture capital. Although software may be a potential growth industry in the ailing New Zealand economy, it is unclear whether the industry can thrive without at least some government support. Even the government now seems to be considering this possibility, and is considering the creation of an IT unit within the Ministry of Commerce.     

参差的发展——2012各国发展指数的竞争力评价及2007-2011各国发展指数的活力评价

本课题包括两项评价:各国发展指数的竞争力评价及各国发展指数的活力评价,评价依据将联合国计划开发署发布的各国发展指数.竞争力界定为在竞争时段对于设定目标时间对象可能达到的竞争值的预测,活力指数评价是选定的指标的增长排序及增长的稳定性排序的加权综合所获得的指数评价显示,2012年瑞士竞争力居各国(地区)之冠,2005-2009年香港活力居各国(地区)之冠.中国的竞争力一年飙升了4位,活力居各国(地区)第三位.卡塔尔的人均GDP(PPP)全球最高;日本是最长寿之国;新西兰的教育办得最好.     

Science policy reforms: the New Zealand experience

Changes in science policy are taking place in industrialized democracies throughout the world. This paper is concerned with the implications of these changes for the content and conduct of publicly-funded science and research. We start from the view that science policy changes are related to wider changes in the role of government, and in the structure, organization and management of the public sector. New Zealand has attracted international attention in this context because of its commitment to a radical programme of public sector reforms. While this reflects similar developments and concerns elsewhere, the New Zealand experience is especially interesting because of the rigour with which policy has been implemented, the radical nature of the changes made, and the relatively short time-span involved. Thus, in focusing on New Zealand, we hope to present material of interest both there and to a wider audience.     

推行卓越绩效模式 提升企业综合竞争力

近年来,许多国家和地区通过设立政府质量奖的方式激励、引导各类组织追求卓越,提升企业竞争力。目前全世界已有60多个国家和地区设立了政府质量奖,如美国的波多里奇国家质量奖、欧洲质量奖、日本戴明奖、英国质量奖、瑞典质量奖、新西兰国家质量奖等等。那么我们国家的情况又如何呢？下面结合绍兴市推行卓越绩效模式的情况进行阐述。     

Panic and panacea: brain drain and science and technology human capital policy

Brain drain, the diffusion of skilled human capital, particularly scientific and technical human capital (STHC), from home to host country, is of concern to many nations. Traditional brain drain ‘control’ policies target the human capital embodied in a skilled individual. Based on a case study of brain drain panic in New Zealand in 2000, this paper explores new ‘stimulation’ brain drain policy approaches, including building research excellence and exploiting the diaspora, that take into account the situated and networked nature of STHC. Diaspora policies imply a reframing of ‘national’ STHC no longer circumscribed by geographic boundaries but by national affiliation.     

国外创业投资引导基金绩效的实证考察

创业投资产业具有市场不完全、双重委托—代理关系、信息严重不对称和技术创新外部性等特征,这些特征往往导致市场失灵。政府设立创业投资引导基金是纠正市场失灵的有效方法。美国、以色列的引导基金绩效显著,德国、新西兰的引导基金绩效则差强人意。这种绩效差异是由于支持方式、制度体系、产业发展环境和社会文化等多种因素共同作用的结果。国外创业投资引导基金绩效的研究可为我国引导基金的运行、管理和政策设计提供重要借鉴。     

Space, time and nature: exploring the public reception of biotechnology in New Zealand

Nature is widely acknowledged to be a fluid, contested, material-semiotic construction, historically and spatially grounded. This is certainly the case for New Zealand, where a number of constructions of nature have been mobilized as a means to make judgements over the viability of particular biotechnologies that have entered into public debate. In this paper, we utilize Mikhail Bakhtin's space-time matrix, the chronotope, to explore a series of complementary nature-narratives that have been mobilized as a moral basis for making judgments over the acceptability of a series of exemplars of novel biotechnologies that were presented to participants in eleven national focus groups. We argue that it is the specific space-time manipulations that characterize these sometimes overlapping narrative constructions that are used to justify reactions to novel biotechnologies.     

国外电信业公私合作的做法及启示

在建设信息化社会的过程中,国外一些国家或地区电信业出现了政府部门重掌其发展规划、投资建议、并与私营部门合作经营的新趋势。本文介绍了荷兰、意大利、澳大利亚和新西兰电信业采用公私合作的做法,总结了国外电信业公私合作的特征,并结合中国电信业的现状,分析了国外电信业公私合作做法对中国电信业的启示,以期对中国的信息化建设提供借鉴。     

新西兰政府数据开放网站内容分析及对我国的启示

政府数据开放是大数据战略的指导思想和首要任务。数据开放网站是新西兰政府开放创新的重要项目,是推动新西兰政府开放的关键因素,总结新西兰政府数据开放网站建设的成功经验,为我国政府数据开放网站内容的完善提供经验,为充分发挥数据价值奠定基础。采用文献资料调查法和案例分析法,新西兰政府数据开放网站内容进行分析,提出我国政府数据开放网站应该完善的内容。我国政府需要尽快建立国家层面的数据整合平台,提高政府数据开放网站的服务水平,加大网站对数据驱动创新的解读,开发互动交流平台。     

ICTs and Internet adoption in China's tourism industry

The fast development of information communication technologies (ICTs) and the expansion of the Internet have changed industry structures around the world. New technologies have been adopted in the tourism industry in Europe and America for more than 30 years, and the trend is likely to continue into the future. China, as a fast-growing developing country in Asia, is gaining importance in the international tourism market for its historical and cultural attractiveness as a destination. It is also becoming a booming tourism source country as its population starts travelling overseas. This study examines how the ICT and Internet gradually change the tourism industry structure in China; how important such changes are, and to where such changes will lead China's tourism industry. This exploratory research is conducted based on information collected from several tourism organisations, such as airlines, hotels, tour operators, visitor attractions and the tourism authorities within China.     

Science policy in New Zealand

New Zealand's science policy consists of spending about 0.5% of its G.N.P. on R & D. Of this expenditure 41% is spent on activities relating to agriculture and 9% on activities related to manufacturing. This imbalance in spending between agriculture and manufacturing is not consistent with the goals being placed on manufacturing and the importance of manufacturing in New Zealand's domestic economy. A change in emphasis of an expanded R & D programme coupled with new methods of technology transfer will be necessary for New Zealand to obtain her goals of economic expansion.     

Viticulture and oenology scientific research: The Old World versus the New World wine-producing countries

The main aim of this study was to analyze the scientific productivity and collaboration between Old World wine-producing countries (Austria, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland) and New World wine-producing countries (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, South Africa, United Sates, Uruguay) in viticulture and oenology through bibliometric analyses of articles included in the Science Citation Index Expanded database for the period 1994–2013. A number of 1527 research articles were published in 563 journals. The results highlight an important growth in the collaboration between countries during the second decade (2004–2013). Papers have been published in numerous journals belonging to several subject areas. Food Science and Technology, Horticulture and Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology appeared as the most productive research areas. A social network analysis of collaboration between these countries was also performed in order to analyze the most powerful scientific cooperation.     

国家农业科技创新体系:新西兰的经验

本文从新西兰农业科技创新体的形成背景、组织机构和主要经验等方面介绍了新西兰农业科技创新体系,并对创建我国农业科技创新体系提出了一些看法。     

柏科的分类和分布:亚科、族和属

 柏科Cupressaceae和杉科Taxcdiaceae有许多相似之处，近年来不少分类学家主张把两科合并成 广义的柏科。原杉科中的金松属Sciadopitys与两科其他屑的差异较大，被提升为单种科Sciadopity- aceae。本文根据球果可育种鳞的位置把柏科(狭义)分为2亚科，即上部种鳞不可育的柏木亚科Cupres- soideae和上部种鳞可育的澳洲柏亚科Callitroideae。综合其他形态学和解剖学证据，柏木亚科又分4族，即柏木族Cupresseae(包括：柏木属Cupressus、杂交柏属X Cupressocyparis、扁柏屑Chamaecyparis和福建柏属Fokeinia)、侧柏族Thujopsideae(包括：崖柏属Thuja、罗汉柏属Thujopsis和侧柏属laty-ladus)、圆柏族Junlpereae(包括：圆柏属Junzperus和海参威柏属Microbiota)以及香漆柏族Tetraclineae(包括：翠柏属Calt*edrus和香漆柏属Tetraclinis)。澳洲柏亚科又分3族，即澳洲柏族Actinostrobeae(包括：西澳柏属Actinostrobus、澳洲柏属Callitris、智利柏属Fitzroya和杉叶柏属Neocallitropsis)、南非柏族Widdringtoneae(包括：白智利柏属Pilgerodendron、塔斯曼柏属Diselma和南非柏属Widdringtonia)以及甜柏族Libocedreae(包括：甜柏属Libocedrus、巴布亚柏屑Papuacedrus和南美柏属Austrocedrus)。柏科21个属的地理分布可划分为5种类型，即：(1)杂交柏属系英国选出的属间杂交类型；(2)分布非洲、欧洲、亚洲和北美洲的属，有柏木属和圆柏属2个属；(3)东亚—北美洲际间断分布的属，有扁柏属、崖柏属和翠柏属3个属；(4)分布区较窄的属，包括西澳柏属，、澳洲柏属、甜柏屑、巴布亚柏属、南非柏属5个属；(5)单种屑，包括福建柏属、海参威柏属、罗汉柏属、侧柏属、香漆柏属、杉叶柏属、塔斯曼柏属、智利柏屑、南美柏属和白智利柏属等10个属。该科属的3个地理分布中心是：东亚(9属)、北美西南部(5属)、澳大利亚及其东部附近群岛(6属)。此外，地中海沿岸分布3属，智利南部和阿根廷分布3属。     

Imagination and technoscientific innovations: governance of transgenic cows in New Zealand

This paper examines a controversial research programme aimed at the production of transgenic cows in New Zealand. It emphasizes the contested representation of the research, in its promotion, in its governance, and in the opposition sparked amongst environmentallanti-genetic modification groups and within the Māori community. The paper contends that the case of New Zealand's genetically modified cows certainly reveals some unique features of the prevailing economic, geographical and cultural context, but nonetheless has salience for the broader understanding of the promotion, public reception and governance of genetic modification.     

政府信息资源分类分级管理的国际比较与中国镜鉴

【目的/意义】探究政府信息资源分类分级管理的国际经验及其对我国的借鉴价值,有利于加强我国政府信 息资源的规范化、标准化、信息化管理。【方法/过程】本文梳理了我国政府信息资源分类分级管理现状及存在问题, 同时比较了美国、英国、加拿大、新西兰、澳大利亚政府信息资源分类分级管理的异同。【结果/结论】基于比较结果, 结合我国实际,提出我国可通过平衡政府信息资源分类分级管理中公开与保护的关系、健全政府信息资源分类分 级管理体制、拓展政府信息资源分类分级标准与形式、出台政府信息资源分类分级的实践指南,优化政府信息资源 分类分级管理。【创新/局限】本文对我国政府信息资源分类分级管理现状及国外相关经验进行了研究,但对于完善 我国相关实践的思考还存在进一步扩充的空间。     

THE EFFECTIVE PATENT LIFE OF PHARMACEUTICALS IN NEW ZEALAND — A SIMULATION

This paper estimates effective patent life of pharmaceuticals in New Zealand (NZ EPL). A simulation technique is used based on the linking effect of the International Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. The simulation procedure suggests that NZ EPL is declining and will yield no protection in the fairly near future, for drugs from the USA, UK and Switzerland. Two consequences for pharmaceuticals are suggested. One, the focus of the NZ patent term is likely to shift from the normal period of 16 years to the maximum available when extensions are included. Two, applications for extensions are likely to become routine. In these terms the recommendations by the Industrial Property Advisory Committee (IPAC), at least as they apply to pharmaceuticals, that the current patent life remain unchanged at 16 years and extensions have a maximum of 4 and not 10 years, are somewhat puzzling.     

文化特征与储蓄率差异——基于世代交替模型的分析

基于新经济人模型有关效用源泉的扩充,将儒家文化特征整合进偏好函数之中,并以此为基础扩展戴蒙德世代交替模型。扩展后的模型及相应的实证证据表明,儒家文化因素导致了国别层面的储蓄率差异,而社保体系不健全所导致的预防性储蓄动机也推高了我国的储蓄率水平。     

Research collaboration and research output: A longitudinal study of 65 biomedical scientists in a New Zealand university

Collaborative research has been increasingly celebrated by the science community, but the hypothesized positive relationship between research collaboration and research output is more assumed than rigorously tested. In this paper, we identify three methodological gaps in the literature: (a) hierarchical coding based on the ISI Web of Science database causes severe loss of information on local collaboration, (b) the relationship between research collaboration and research output is likely to be confounded by a common latent variable such as a scientist's ability, and (c) the lack of longitudinal analysis prevents causal inferences from being made. To address these methodological concerns, we constructed a longitudinal dataset of 65 biomedical scientists at a New Zealand university and coded collaboration variables by hand checking each of their publications in a period of 14 years. We found that at article level, both within-university collaboration and international collaboration are positively related to an article's quality and that, at scientist-year level, only international collaboration is positively related to a scientist's future research output.