A major milestone in nanoscale material science: the 2002 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics presented to Sumio Iijima

The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awarded the 2002 Benjamin Franklin Medal in physics to Sumio Iijima for his discovery and elucidation of the atomic structure and helical character of multi- and single-wall carbon nanotubes. His pioneering work created a new, tremendously active and expanding area in the field of nanoscience and technology that involves condensed matter and material scientists, chemists and computer scientists. Iijima has also made key contributions to the mechanisms that are involved in the growth of carbon nanotubes, to the role of pentagonal and heptagonal carbon rings in the formation of caps that form at the ends of the nanotubes and to the encapsulation of molecules within the nanotubes.     

LindoAPI中的参数格式转换

运筹学问题是经常产生在实际生产和生活实践中的问题。使用LindoAPI可以方便的在一个大型系统开发中加入规划算法的子单元，但是LindoAPI中的参数使用格式与一般的数学方程参数使用格式有很大区别．本文就这一问题进行详细阐述，给出一个实际例子米演示规划问题的参数从数学方程格式到LindoAPI中的格式的转化方法。     

煤层气在煤中的扩散模式研究

依据近年来煤层气扩散领域的文献资料,概括了煤层气在煤中的扩散模式,主要包括由克努森扩散系数确定的Fick扩散、Knudsen型扩散、过渡型扩散、双扩散模型、晶体扩散以及表面扩散,分析了煤中煤层气各种扩散模式的适用条件。     

A high-capacity cathode for rechargeable K-metal battery based on reversible superoxide-peroxide conversion

As a promising low-cost energy storage device, the development of a rechargeable potassium-ion battery (KIB) is severely hindered by the limited capacity of cathode candidates. Regarded as an attractive capacity-boosting strategy, triggering the O-related anionic redox activity has not been achieved within a sealed KIB system. Herein, in contrast to the typical gaseous open K-O₂ battery (O₂/KO₂ redox), we originally realize the reversible superoxide/peroxide (KO₂/K₂O₂) interconversion on a KO₂-based cathode. Controlled within a sealed cell environment, the irreversible O₂ evolution and electrolyte decomposition (induced by superoxide anion (O₂⁻) formation) are effectively restrained. Rationally controlling the reversible depth-of-charge at 300 mAh/g (based on the mass of KO₂), no obvious cell degradation can be observed during 900 cycles. Moreover, benefitting from electrolyte modification, the KO₂-based cathode is coupled with a limited amount of K-metal anode (merely 2.5 times excess), harvesting a K-metal full-cell with high energy efficiency (∼90%) and long-term cycling stability (over 300 cycles).     

论农业科研院所企业化转制

对农业科研所企业化转制的必要性、重要性、可能性进行了分析，旨在更新观念，消除对转制的认识误区，为其转制提供依据，促进农业科研院所顺利转制。     

滨海湿地CH4排放的研究进展

甲烷（CH₄）是大气中重要的温室气体,其对全球气候变暖的增温贡献已达15%。受海洋和陆地双重影响的滨海湿地是CH₄重要的自然来源。本文综述了滨海湿地CH₄的产生过程、通量特征以及影响因素的研究动态。CH₄产生过程的研究以分子生物学为主,在淡水湿地研究较多,因此在深度和广度上都有待突破。滨海湿地CH₄通量特征具有较大的时空差异,这种差异性受到不同地域特殊的土壤理化性质、水文状况和植物群落等多种因素影响。水文条件是CH₄产生和排放的决定性因素,温度和pH通过影响产CH₄微生物活性来影响CH₄排放。盐分对滨海湿地CH₄影响的研究主要集中在浓度上,对盐分中\begin{array}{c}S{O}_4^{2-}\end{array}等离子的组成上研究还不是很深入,需要加强这方面的探究。植物的传输作用是研究CH₄排放动态的基础,在植物种类和密度对CH₄排放影响方面的研究较多。人类活动对环境压力的增大,对滨海湿地CH₄排放产生很大影响,相关研究较少,应给与足够重视。滨海湿地CH₄排放由多种因素共同影响,其过程较为复杂,在今后的研究中应注重：①加强土壤理化性质对CH₄排放的影响,尤其是盐分中各离子组成和浓度差异对CH₄排放影响的研究;②加强植物体自身对CH₄排放的影响研究;③加强人类活动对CH₄排放的影响研究;④加强大空间长时间尺度下CH₄通量的评估研究。     

Massive abiotic methane production in eclogite during cold subduction

Methane (CH₄) is a critical but overlooked component in the study of the deep carbon cycle. Abiotic CH₄ produced by serpentinization of ultramafic rocks has received extensive attention, but its formation and flux in mafic rocks during subduction remain poorly understood. Here, we report massive CH₄-rich fluid inclusions in well-zoned garnet from eclogites in Western Tianshan, China. Petrological characteristics and carbon–hydrogen isotopic compositions confirm the abiotic origin of this CH₄. Reconstructed P–T–fO₂–fluid trajectories and Deep Earth Water modeling imply that massive abiotic CH₄ was generated during cold subduction at depths of 50–120 km, whereas CO₂ was produced during exhumation. The massive production of abiotic CH₄ in eclogites may result from multiple mechanisms during prograde high pressure-ultrahigh pressure metamorphism. Our flux calculation proposes that abiotic CH₄ that has been formed in HP-UHP eclogites in cold subduction zones may represent one of the largest, yet overlooked, sources of abiotic CH₄ on Earth.     

企业产品创新平台的构建及其转换

创新是当前的焦点，企业围绕创新的关键和落脚点是产品创新的问题，企业产品创新在于企业产品创新平台的构建及转换。因此本文在有关产品创新平台研究成果的基础上，提出了企业产品创新平台内容体系的架构，并对产品创新平台的转换及其识别进行探索性研究，为企业创新及决策提供服务。     

Word插图到方正书版插图转换的一种新方法

针对目前从Word图到方正书版插图的转换方法中存在的转换图精度低、操作复杂等问题，提出一种新的转换方法。该方法先将Word文件中的插图转换到方正飞腾的版面中，再利用方正飞腾软件中的“部分发排”命令，将Word插图直接发排生成方正书版所能使用的EPS格式的图文件。实际使用表明，该方法操作简单、转换后图的精度和原Word文件中图的精度保持一致，实现了真正将Word文件中的插图“拷贝”下来。     

Cavity-controlled methanol conversion over zeolite catalysts

The successful development and application in industry of methanol-to-olefins(MTO) process brought about an innovative and efficient route for olefin production via non-petrochemical resources and also attracted attention of C1 chemistry and zeolite catalysis.Molecular sieve catalysts with diversified microenvironments embedding unique channel/cavity structure and acid properties,exhibit demonstrable features and advantages in the shape-selective catalysis of MTO.Especially,shape-selective catal...     

Rosier future for solar energy conversion

Recent progress in dye-sensitized solar cells （DSCs） research and development, which use innovative light-harvesting dye （the ＂sensitizer＂）to improve the optical absorption coefficient of the stained nanostructured electrodes, might color our seemingly dimming future energy security with a tint of rose, despite the looming depletion of fossil fuels. Costing only 10-20% as its silicon counterparts, the new devices might make it affurdable for much more people to utilize solar energy, a handy renewable energy source.     

农业科技成果转化的知识基础测度与实证研究

文章在理论分析与研究假设的基础上,构建了一套用于测评农业科技成果转化过程中内在知识基础的量表体系,并对其进行了实证检验。检验结果表明:在农业科技成果转化过程中,研究主体、推广主体和采纳主体(农民)对成果中所涉及的不同主体的隐性知识共享水平与成果转化效率存在明显的正相关关系。研究结论为今后更加深入地探讨农业科技成果转化过程的各种内在制约因素提供了一个新的分析工具,也为我们更进一步地探寻一种更加有效的农业科技成果转化模式指明了一个具体的方向。     

Role of knowledge conversion and social networks in team performance

This study aims to find out how different processes of knowledge management and patterns of social networking affect team performance. Our data on teams originate from a sample of different organizations from a variety of both public and private industries in Finland (76 teams; 499 employees). One of the main deficiencies in the current literature on knowledge and networks is that they tend to concentrate on specific types of teams in a single organization context. Our aim was to put the team phenomenon into an everyday context by analysing the interplay of knowledge creation and social networks in teams which function on a permanent basis in a variety of industry contexts. Both knowledge creation and social networking contributed to performance, but the results showed that whereas team members see the knowledge conversion processes as central to performance, top management emphasize the importance of social networks in value creation. In our examination, lively interaction between team members, combined with team leaders’ intra-organizational networks, contributed to team performance.     

中国城乡差距对农地违法非农化的影响

城乡差距对于农村土地利用特别是农地违法非农化有着不可忽视的影响。本文首先从理论层面探讨了城乡差距对农地违法非农化的影响机理;在此基础上通过构建计量模型,并运用1999—2016年中国大陆31个省（市、区）的面板数据,进行了系统的实证检验。结果显示：城乡差距扩大会导致农地违法非农化规模显著增长,尤其是随着财政支农支出占比的下降和城乡居民人均可支配收入差距的扩大,农地违法非农化规模增幅明显。具体地,在省级层面,财政支农支出占比每下降一个百分点,农地违法非农化规模会增加近25 hm ²;城乡居民人均可支配收入差距每扩大10%,农地违法非农化规模也会增加约15 hm ²;而城乡土地产出效益差的扩大对农地违法非农化的影响则小得多。此外,在不同经济发展地区（或不同经济发展阶段）,城乡差距变化对农地违法非农化的影响存在显著差异。最后从有效遏制农地违法非农化的角度,针对性地提出了缩小城乡差距的相关路径和建议。