多媒体学习中的动画效应研究——基于认知负荷与学业情绪的视角

为考察媒体类型(图文、动画)和学习者空间视觉能力(高、低)对多媒体学习效果的影响,文章以120名大学生为被试对象,采用"计算机网络"课程中"传输控制协议"的相关内容作为学习材料开展研究。研究结果显示,媒体类型对认知负荷与学习成绩有显著影响,但对学业情绪没有显著影响;空间视觉能力仅对学习者认知负荷有显著影响,而对学习成绩、学业情绪无显著影响;媒体类型与空间视觉能力在学习者的学习成绩上存在交互影响。     

教学视频中线索类型与学习者先前知识经验对学习的交互影响

教学视频因其多通道展现教学内容的特性而成为数字化学习资源的首选形态。线索作为教学视频中的重要引导性教学设计手段,探究其类型及学习者先前知识经验对学习效果的交互影响,有益于优化教学视频的设计策略。基于学习者先前知识经验水平(高水平和低水平)和线索类型(言语线索和视觉线索)两个维度,运用眼动追踪技术和认知负荷、学习满意度、学习效果等测量工具,通过实验考察二者对学习的影响及其内在机制后发现:学习者先前知识经验水平对认知负荷的影响显著;线索类型对学习满意度的影响显著,且线索类型与学习者先前知识经验水平在学习满意度上的交互效应显著;学习者先前知识经验水平对学习效果的影响显著,且线索类型与学习者先前知识经验水平在迁移测验成绩上的交互效应显著。实验结果表明,线索类型与学习者先前知识经验水平对学习满意度和学习效果存在明显的交互作用,即只有低知识经验水平学习者在学习含有视觉线索的教学视频后,学习满意度与学习效果才有显著提升。这可能是由于该类学习者在信息选择时存在困难,视觉线索可以帮助其提高信息搜索效率,而言语线索却会使其认知负荷超载。     

记笔记对不同任务类型的影响的实证研究

通过调查某大学30名英语专业四年级学生的记笔记行为，试图揭示记笔记的两大功能（解码功能和外储存功能）对不同类型的任务表现（近迁移和远迁移）的影响。实验表明：记笔记与不记笔记（解码功能）对近迁移和远迁移任务表现没有显著影响，复习笔记与不复习笔记（外储存功能）对近迁移任务没有显著影响，但对远迁移任务却有显著的消极作用；还讨论了该结果对英语教学的启示，包括对考生参加含有记笔记任务的测试的指导意义等。     

汉英口译中的迁移性冗余

鉴于语言迁移的性质和特点,口译会凸显迁移的负面影响。在翻译时将原文中的语言组合形式直接迁移到译文中,会造成译文的冗余性表达;译员需要时刻调整源语发言中的冗余信息,以满足信息接收者（听众）的需求。     

未成年人不同阅读介质的眼动行为比较

随着数字化阅读的迅猛增长,传统纸质媒体与数字化媒体已经成为学习者获取学习资源的两种重要介质。电子课本作为数字化阅读与学习范式变革在基础教育领域中应用的产物,其应用效果受到人们的期待。电子课本如何促进学习？它对人的影响与纸质课本有何不同？基于梅耶多媒体学习理论,以电子课本和纸质课本两种阅读介质为例,对未成年人阅读过程中的眼动行为进行比较实验,结果表明：未成年人阅读纸质课本和电子课本的注意力分配有差异;电子课本阅读促进了更积极的交互,其测验成绩显著高于纸质课本,正文的观察时间和注视次数与测验成绩显著相关,但同时也增加了外在认知负荷。因此,设计人员在设计电子课本时应该兼顾学习者注意的广度和深度,实现各种多媒体学习内容的优势互补;家长和教师应该了解数字化阅读特点,适当引导未成年人的电子课本使用。     

初一和初二学生即刻学习判断准确性的发展研究

本研究采用实验方法,以初一和初二学生为被试,从发展的视角考察其即刻学习判断的准确性。结果表明:(1)初一学生的逐项即刻学习判断显著高于回忆成绩;初二学生的逐项即刻学习判断准确性较好。(2)初一学生的总项即刻学习判断显著低于回忆成绩;初二学生的总项即刻学习判断与回忆成绩差异不显著。(3)两个年级的学生在不同类型的即刻学习判断中都出现了总项效应。     

基于眼动分析技术应用的多媒体色彩设计对学生学习的影响研究

借助眼动追踪技术探讨色彩对多媒体学习的影响,以学习效果(记忆成绩、迁移成绩),认知负荷(感知任务难度、心理努力)、内部学习动机以及眼动数据为评估指标。结果发现经过积极色彩设计的多媒体学习材料能有效唤醒学习者的积极情绪,促进了学习者的思维加工,加深了学生对知识内容的理解程度,但在认知负荷的降低与学习动机的提高上,色彩的设计并没有起到显著作用。     

多项式的问题特征对合并同类项迁移的影响

多项式的合并同类项测试结果表明:正负号个数与字母个数对合并同类项的迁移成绩都有极其显著的影响,同类项间距离影响不显著;正负号个数与字母个数对合并同类项的交互效应极其显著.对能否完成合并同类项迁移的分析结果表明:正负号个数的变化与字母个数的多少对是否能在合并同类项中进行迁移有影响,而同类项间距离影响较小.     

大学生成就目标定向、英语焦虑与英语成绩的关系研究

采用数理统计方法,以383名本科生为对象,分析了大学生英语成绩与成就目标定向、英语焦虑间的关系.结果表明：（1）大学生成就目标定向多为掌握接近型和掌握回避型,英语焦虑程度普遍较高.（2）女生成绩回避目标定向显著高于男生,男女生英语焦虑及英语成绩没有显著差异.（3）掌握接近目标定向与英语成绩呈显著正相关,与英语学习焦虑呈显著负相关;掌握回避目标定向与英语成绩不相关,与英语学习焦虑呈显著正相关;成绩接近目标定向与英语成绩不相关,与英语学习焦虑呈显著负相关;成绩回避目标定向与英语成绩呈负相关,与英语学习焦虑呈显著正相关.本研究对于大学阶段的英语教学具有一定的启示.     

交互式教学模式对高职生英语焦虑及成绩影响的实证研究

本研究以73名高职院校大一学生为研究对象,采用定量和定性相结合的研究方法,考察了交互教学模式对高职生英语学习焦虑及成绩的影响。研究结果表明:(1)交互教学模式在显著降低英语学习焦虑及因子"担心"和"害怕提问"的同时,也提高了英语成绩;(2)交互教学模式减少了高焦虑组和低焦虑组的比例,增多了中焦虑组比例;(3)实验前后的焦虑与实验前后的英语成绩都呈现显著的负相关;(4)此教学模式获得较高认可度。交互教学模式对平衡高职学生英语学习焦虑有一定的启示。     

The seductive details effect in technology‐delivered instruction

Seductive details are highly interesting information tangential to course objectives. The inclusion of seductive details generally harms performance on recall tests, but few studies have used multimedia training or investigated effects on performance on recognition tests or transfer tasks. We conducted two studies using computer‐based training, instructing college students to use either Excel or Word mail merge. Contrary to most prior results, we found no negative effect for seductive details on recognition tests, and we found a facilitative effect on transfer performance. We discuss implications for theories of learning and transfer, and practical implications for instructional design and delivery.     

Exploring the Boundary Conditions of the Redundancy Principle

This experiment investigated whether study of a scientific text and a visual display that contained redundant text segments would affect memory and transfer. The authors randomly assigned 42 students from a university in the southwestern United States in equal numbers to 1 of 2 conditions: (a) a redundant condition, in which participants studied a scientific text that described plate tectonics and a corresponding visual display that contained redundant segments from the text; or (b) a nonredundant condition, in which participants studied the scientific text and a corresponding visual display that lacked the redundant text segments. Embedding redundant text segments within the visual display enhanced performance on 3 measures of memory but not on a measure of transfer. The authors discuss the theoretical and practical implications using the cognitive theory of multimedia learning.     

Welche Rolle spielt neben Merkmalen des Instruktionsdesigns die fachspezifische und aufgabenspezifische Motivation beim Lernen mit Multimedia im naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht?

The present paper reports on an empirical study which investigated learning with text and animations in the science classroom. In a 2?×?2 design the presence of multimedia learning material instruction (text only vs. text + animations) as well as the modality of the explanatory text (spoken vs. written) were tested. Prior to learning, students’ motivation to learn was assessed as a continuous factor. Recall and transfer were assessed immediately after learning. The results show better recall of information for learners with multimedia materials, providing the animations were accompanied by spoken text. However, in contrast to the positive effects of domain-specific motivation this multimedia effect was not evident for transfer. The effects of multimedia design were independent of motivation. Implications for future studies are discussed.     

Multimedia learning and individual differences: Mediating the effects of working memory capacity with segmentation

Research in multimedia learning lacks an emphasis on individual difference variables, such as working memory capacity (WMC). The effects of WMC and the segmentation of multimedia instruction were examined by assessing the recall and application of low (n=66) and high (n=67) working memory capacity students randomly assigned to either a segmented instruction (SI) or non-segmented instruction (NSI) version of a multimedia tutorial on historical inquiry. WMC was found to have a significant, positive effect on participants' recall and application scores; however, the use of segmentation mediated the effects of WMC to allow learners with lower WMC to recall and apply equal to those with higher WMC.     

The effect of redundant text in multimedia instruction

The purpose of this study was to examine the redundancy effects obtained when spoken information was duplicated in writing during the learning of a multimedia document. Documents consisting of diagrams and spoken information on the development of memory models were presented to three groups of students. In the first group, no written text was presented. In the second, written sentences redundant with the spoken information were progressively presented on the screen while in the third group, these written sentences were presented together. The results show that whatever the type of text presentation (sequential or static), the duplication of information in the written mode led to a substantial impairment in subsequent retention and transfer tests as well as in a task in which the memorization of diagrams was evaluated. This last result supports the hypothesis that the visual channel is overloaded as the cognitive theory of multimedia learning suggests.     

构建以流媒体技术为支撑的现代远程教育

流媒体技术是当前互联网上主流的多媒体信息传输技术。远程教育具有开放性、灵活性、延伸性和媒介性的特点。现代远程教育将主要通过计算机网络进行。流媒体技术为现代远程教育的实现提供了更好的技术支持。流媒体技术在远程教育中的使用不仅有利于充分利用网络、教育资源,而且也有利于未来开放教育和终身教育体系的构建。     

The Effect of Music in Video Mediated Instruction on Student Achievement

Does the use of musical accompaniment in instructional media enhance motivation and learning? Many instructional film producers avoid music in their presentations, but others regularly use music to accompany the instruction. Such differences in production may well affect the level of enjoyment, assimilation, retention, recall, transfer and application of the material to be learnt. This paper describes a study into whether the use of music on video‐mediated instruction has any effects on students’ learning. The study revealed only inconclusive differences in effect between video instruction accompanied with music and video instruction without music     

高校多媒体教学资源建设的问题与管理对策研究

随着信息技术的发展与推广,计算机辅助教学在高校课堂中的应用日益广泛。相对于传统的教学媒介,多媒体教学资源具有生动形象、信息量大、形式活泼多样等优点。但目前许多高校在多媒体教学资源的建设中普遍存在数字化程序不高、低水平重复建设、缺乏统一标准以及不注重学生的感受与参与等诸多不足;在制作的细节上,过分注重形式、随意拼凑、整体感和艺术性差等问题,导致了人力、物力资源浪费严重,而教学效果甚至不如传统的黑板粉笔。本文对这些问题的原因进行了较深入的总结与分析,并从管理、技术两个方面提出了相应对策。     

Investigating the Modality and Redundancy Effects for Learners with Persistent Pain

Two experiments were conducted to investigate how individuals with persistent pain would respond to instructional materials designed to promote the modality and redundancy effects. It was predicted that persistent pain would reduce the positive impact of narrated text due to reduced working memory capacity. One hundred thirty-seven full-time teachers from six schools in Australia participated in the study. Pain and pain-free participants were identified and matched through a demographics questionnaire before being randomly assigned to selected instructional formats. In both experiments, participants viewed system-paced multimedia presentations depicting how lightning works. In Experiment 1, it was found that for pain-free participants, illustrations plus narrated text led to significantly higher learning outcomes than illustrations plus written text (a modality effect). However, for pain participants, no advantage was found for the illustrations plus narrated text format. In Experiment 2, it was found that for pain-free participants, illustrations plus narrated text led to significantly higher learning outcomes than illustrations plus narrated text plus identical written text (a redundancy effect). For pain participants, a reverse effect was found, suggesting that the replicated written text format was not redundant but beneficial for these individuals. Furthermore, despite low scores on standardized pain measures, individuals with persistent pain achieved significantly lower learning outcomes than pain-free participants in both experiments. It was concluded that clinically low levels of pain could significantly interfere with information retention and transference. For individuals with persistent pain, the use of narrated explanatory text could be a disadvantage due to its transitory nature.     

现代多媒体技术与语文课堂教学

语文多媒体课件集文本、图像、动画和声音于一体,为课堂教学活动中的信息交流提供了全新的手段。使用多媒体教学,信息传输量大、速度快,传统教学媒体无法与之相比。中国的＂语文＂在文字造型、语言表达及文学作品中的形象塑造等方面有其独特的特点,多媒体的使用不能过分追求外观而忽视了语文学科的本来面目。我们要牢记语文教学媒体的本质——＂媒介＂,它仅仅是载体或工具。