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1.
在标准的“最后通牒”博弈中,双方要瓜分一笔钱,其中一方是提议者,只有一次机会提出分配方案,另外一方是回应者,决定接受或者拒绝分配方案。如果回应者接受分配方案,则按照提议者所提出的方案进行分配,如果回应者拒绝接受分配方案,则博弈双方都得不到任何钱,且博弈结束。文章介绍了最后通牒博弈的几种实验范式并综述了一些重要的研究结果及理论解释,最后提出了未来的研究方向及建议。  相似文献   

2.
<正>如果有100元分给甲乙两人,甲负责分配,乙负责同意或否决,若双方达不成一致,这100元谁也得不到。假设甲分给自己99元,分给乙1元,这时乙会不会同意?这就是一种典型的"最后通牒博弈"。经济学家说,在经济活动中,人都是理性的,乙不会因赌气不要那1元而否决  相似文献   

3.
行为博弈论注重人的心理因素,而一些传统博弈论的不同程度地简化了参与人的心理因素,比如著名的最后通牒博弈。行为博弈论的序列互惠模型可以更清楚看到信念因素对局中人收益函数的影响,抓住了信念因素。而公平性模型引入了犹豫系数,进一步深化了传统博弈论的理念,使我们的博弈预测更接近实际效果。  相似文献   

4.
"最后通牒博弈"实验是西方实验经济学中的经典理论,它主要探讨两人之间的利益博弈。实验结果表明:远离均衡的利益有风险,且风险与利益呈正相关;博弈者在追求自身利益最大化时必须控制风险,并有利他思想;按公平原则做到利益共享、风险均摊是理想状态。这些结论对我国社会转型过程中的风险防控具有重大的理论和现实意义。  相似文献   

5.
在解释水平理论基础上,以162名大学生为被试,采用22被试间实验设计,在最后通牒博弈情境中考察社会动机(亲社会动机/自私动机)和心理距离(远/近)对合作性的影响。结果表明:(1)社会价值导向对人们的合作性具有显著的影响,亲社会动机激发的个体更加热衷于合作行为,带有自私动机的个体是竞争的或利己的;(2)高解释水平下亲社会动机个体是合作的,自私动机个体是竞争的或利己的,高解释水平下亲社会或自私动机的个体的行为均根植于其所赞同的社会动机。  相似文献   

6.
为探究在最后通牒博弈游戏中群体身份对3—6岁儿童公平分配行为的影响,本研究以杭州市1所幼儿园的96名3—6岁儿童为研究对象,了解其在最后通牒博弈游戏中对群体内、外成员进行资源分配的情况。结果发现:3—6岁儿童对群体内成员的资源分配数量随年龄增长而增加,更加趋于公平和利他分配;3—6岁儿童对群体外成员的资源分配数量无显著年龄差异,均以利己分配为主;从公平分配的是否率看,5—6岁女童更容易对群体内成员进行公平分配。  相似文献   

7.
研究通过结合想象膨胀和最后通牒范式,通过诱导被试阅读、想象未曾发生过的不公平事件来引发他们遭受不公平对待的错误体验,目的在于探讨不公平经验对实验中真实的不公平事件应对有何影响。结果发现:(1)多次想象、以细节加工为主的故事材料能诱发想象膨胀效应;(2)想象膨胀效应使被试对最后通牒中的不公平分配容忍度提高,体现在公平性体验的评价更少受到不公平对待的影响。  相似文献   

8.
传统经济学当中的“理性人”假设受到越来越多的质疑和挑战,研究者提出了不平等厌恶理论、互惠性理论和双系统加工理论,分别从不同的角度对非理性决策及其特性进行了阐述。目前关于非理性决策影响因素的研究主要从实验前诱导的情绪状态、情绪调控策略等与情绪加工相关的视角进行;今后关于非理性决策的研究应致力于突破以往模型研究的局限,对非理性决策的神经机制进行探讨,并向实际应用发现发展。  相似文献   

9.
经典经济学理论认为,人类个体是自私且理性的,能够控制自己的非理性冲动,从而实现自我利益的最大化。“经济人”假设受到越来越多的质疑与挑战。新近的认知——情绪双系统理论则将情绪驱动和认知控制置于非理性决策中利益权衡的两端,试图整合性地阐述非理性决策的内部机制。基于双系统理论,目前大多数研究者以建构水平为切入点,探讨决策情境在个体头脑中的表征方式对非理性决策的影响;未来关于非理性决策的研究应致力于探究人们表征决策情境的内在机制及其影响因素,并向应用方向发展,以帮助人们做出理性决策。  相似文献   

10.
在公平理论、期望理论、名誉道德理论的基础之上,提出成本价值说。该假说认为人们决策时会衡量理性和情感行为价值,占据主导地位的一方决定我们后续的行为。通过对最后通牒游戏中的影响因素和内在神经机制的总结,论证了成本价值说的合理性,并对成本价值说的后续研究提出展望。  相似文献   

11.
提出了一种教师参与的智能协同的英语多媒体教学控制模型,解决了长期以来在CAI系统中无法使用主观题的弊端,并在教学内容库知识点和试题的设计上保证了这种智能协同决策方法实现的可能。  相似文献   

12.
    
Numerous examples of unethical organizational decision-making highlighted in the media have led many to question the general moral perception and ethical judgments of individuals. The present study examined two forms of a straightforward ethical decision-making (EDM) tool (ACED IT cognitive map) that could be a relatively simple instrument for organizations to improve the moral and EDM of its members. Results revealed that participants utilizing either form of ACED IT were more likely to identify a moral dilemma than were control participants. Additionally, participants in the modified condition responded differently to the situation. Implications and other findings are discussed.  相似文献   

13.
The literature suggests that members of the working class value informal (‘hot’) information rather than formal (‘cold’) information. They are also said to lack a future orientation; have a fatalistic (and pessimistic) attitude to life; and have low aspirations. These values should influence the way students from working‐class backgrounds approach career decision‐making. Thirty in‐depth interviews with full‐time undergraduates in their final year of study were carried out to find out if this was the case. The research found that students from working‐class backgrounds did not possess many of the values indicated in the literature. They did, however, show a reluctance to make use of formal sources of information from places like the university careers service. Their failure to utilise such sources appears to be a key factor contributing to significant gaps in the students' knowledge and understanding of the graduate labour market. It also means they are inadequately prepared for making the transition into graduate employment. The article concludes by suggesting that the provision of better careers information is not enough. There is a need to make university careers services more welcoming so that they become a source of ‘hot’ information. The article also suggests that students should be encouraged to reflect critically on how they undertake career decision‐making and planning. By getting students to engage in activities that challenge their taken‐for‐granted assumptions and biases, they are more likely to develop alternative approaches to career decision‐making.  相似文献   

14.
    
Much progress has been made in improving access to basic education in recent years, but international support has been less than promised and the ‘funding gap’ to achieve universal primary education remains stubbornly present. This article identifies six interrelated factors that constrain such donor financing. Prioritization of basic education, evidence and advocacy, and aid architecture present the biggest challenges, followed by donor capacity, partner absorptive capacity and demand. We conclude that future success in attracting external financing for basic education will depend on the sector's ability to raise its political profile, make an evidence-based case for support, tap into new donors and improve its aid effectiveness.  相似文献   

15.
从系统论的基本观声、出发,我们认为高校评职。作程序是由“鉴”与“定”两个子系统组成的系统,“鉴”与“定”是相互联系、相互制约的,根据近儿年高校评职工作的实践,在评审程序中应加大“鉴”对“定”的有效约束,要有科学量化的指标体系进入“鉴’冲。  相似文献   

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