Sheva goal

在鼎盛的年华里。仿佛一道寒光,皮球便从他脚下直蹿网窝。两年前,他带着憧憬离开圣西罗,两年后,他满怀感激重新踏上这块他熟悉的草皮,我们祝愿。那经典的舍瓦式庆祝,仍能无数次在亚平宁重复!     

篮球“拼抢与命中争分”的核心价值及在教学训练中的应用

篮球运动的核心致趣要素——“拼抢与命中争分”,始终主导该项目的发展,是参与者和观赏者得以感受运动快乐的源泉.在系统阐述篮球运动中“拼抢和命中争分”原理基础上,提出以“拼抢对抗”和“命中争分”为核心的训练与教学策略,旨在加深对篮球运动项目规律的认识,丰富篮球运动的基础理论,同时提高教学训练的效益.     

The impact of individual efficacy beliefs on group goal selection and group goal commitment

Collective efficacy research has begun to progress from simply trying to verify the relationship between collective efficacy and performance to examining the mechanisms through which collective efficacy impacts on performance. To test hypotheses concerning the impact of collective efficacy on group goal selection and commitment, 24 participants were assigned to triads (consisting of the participant and two confederates) and performed two time-trials on cycle ergometers. Before each trial, the participants were asked to select both a finishing time and position goal for their group and to indicate their commitment towards these goals. After trial 1, the participants were assigned to either a high or low collective efficacy condition and received appropriate bogus performance feedback. Analysis of variance and post-hoc tests revealed that participants in the low collective efficacy group significantly reduced both finishing time and group position goals from trial 1 to trial 2, whereas participants in the high collective efficacy group maintained their goals. These results provide support for Bandura's suggestions concerning the mechanisms through which collective efficacy impacts upon performance.     

The impact of individual efficacy beliefs on group goal selection and group goal commitment

Collective efficacy research has begun to progress from simply trying to verify the relationship between collective efficacy and performance to examining the mechanisms through which collective efficacy impacts on performance. To test hypotheses concerning the impact of collective efficacy on group goal selection and commitment, 24 participants were assigned to triads (consisting of the participant and two confederates) and performed two time-trials on cycle ergometers. Before each trial, the participants were asked to select both a finishing time and position goal for their group and to indicate their commitment towards these goals. After trial 1, the participants were assigned to either a high or low collective efficacy condition and received appropriate bogus performance feedback. Analysis of variance and post-hoc tests revealed that participants in the low collective efficacy group significantly reduced both finishing time and group position goals from trial 1 to trial 2, whereas participants in the high collective efficacy group maintained their goals. These results provide support for Bandura's suggestions concerning the mechanisms through which collective efficacy impacts upon performance.     

体育课程目标论析

阐述体育课程的基本含义，其包括体育学习目标、体育教学内容、体育教学时数、课外体育活动和课余训练。概述现代体育课程目标的思想核心及其理论依据与基本构成；分析确立体育课程目标的各种制约因素，要述确定体育课程目标的基本模式及主要发展趋势。     

高校体育健康目标的实现

为实现高校体育健康目标，高校体育要树立“健康第一”的指导思想；加强体育显性课程体系改革，注重体育隐蔽课程体系的构建；体育教学应该是在教师“控制”、指导和帮助下，使学生根据自己的水平和能力进行自主学习，体验体育的乐趣，从而热爱运动，养成习惯以至终生。     

对体育教学目标的反思

新一轮的中小学体育课程改革带来了"中小学体育教师不会上体育课"、"不知道如何处理学生的运动兴趣与运动技术、运动技能掌握之间的关系"等诸多问题.采用文献资料法对这些问题进行研究和分析,以期为中小学体育教师上好体育课、进一步提高体育教学质量提供参考依据.     

A biomechanical comparison of successful and unsuccessful power clean attempts

Although the power clean is an almost ubiquitous exercise in the strength and conditioning setting, relatively little is known about the biomechanics of successful and unsuccessful power clean lift attempts. The purpose of this study was to determine biomechanical differences between successful and unsuccessful power clean lift attempts in male collegiate athletes. Fifteen male lacrosse players (Age: 20.1 ± 1.2; Height: 1.78 ± 0.07 m; Body mass: 80.4 ± 8.1 kg; Relative one-repetition maximum power clean: 1.25 ± 0.13 kg/kg) were videotaped during a lifting session that required the completion of maximal effort power cleans to establish a one-repetition maximum. The position of the barbell was digitised and used to calculate the displacement, velocity, acceleration, and acceleration vector of the barbell. The results revealed that unsuccessful attempts were characterised by differences during the second pull phase. Unsuccessful lifts exhibited greater peak forward barbell displacement, lower backward barbell velocities, and lower resultant acceleration angles during the second pull. Strength and conditioning coaches should therefore emphasise limited forward motion of the barbell during the second pull and instruct athletes to generate a more backward-directed force during the second pull in order to lift greater loads during testing and subsequent lifting sessions.     

体育运动中的目标设置理论研究述评

对国内外目标设置理论在体育运动中理论与实证研究进行综述，目的是了解目前体育运动领域中的目标设置理论研究现状，揭示目标设置对成绩的作用及其内在机制，并力图发现目前研究中的缺陷和寻找未来可能的研究方向。研究发现，作为一种激励理论的目标设置，在体育运动中可以促进运动成绩的提高。但是，由于研究方法的局限，降低了研究结果之间的比较性与一致性。此外，由于目标设置与成绩之间存在太多的调节变量，阻碍了对二者关系内在机制的揭示。     

对体育课目标的分析研究——以江苏省第四届中学生体育教师教学能手比赛教案目标设置为例

对江苏省第四届中学生体育教师教学能手比赛目标领域的分析研究,指出体育课目标设置存在的诸多问题,对目标的概念重新做了界定.提出正确表述方法.     

体育表演专业发展的目标与路径

体育表演专业的发展目标可以从人才培养、科学研究和社会服务等三个方面进行界定,而培养高素质应用型人才是目标的核心.体育表演专业的发展路径则涉及到切实满足学生的学习需要,及时吸纳学科知识创新的成果,积极介入和服务社会生活等,进而对这二者进行有效的整合.     

有关目标定向理论研究的新进展

采用献资料法，分析了国内外对目标定向理论研究的现状。目标定向理论在当今体育运动动机的研究中占据统治地位。目标定向的模式影响学生的学习动机，在学生的任务目标定向、自我效能感和愉快感之间存在着一定的相关性。建议教师在教学中，应创设和保持以任务定向动机为主的学习动机气氛。然而，构成目标定向内容是否还存在着其他因素，还需做进一步的讨论。     

学校体育教学与目标达成度评价的改进

Bloom的目标达成度评价标准适用于体育的学科教学，对于术科教学，它不能客观、公正、有效地衡量因材施教、全面发展的教育效果。教学目标趋近度评价标准充分考虑到学生原有的基础，着重看一个时期学生成绩提高的程度，对学生的能力、努力和态度等影响学习效果的因素全面衡量，有利于提高学生对体育课的认识、兴趣，发挥自身的特长，培养参与体育的习惯。     

The effects of goal variation on adult physical activity behaviour

The purposes of this study were to examine the effects of varying levels of goals on increasing daily steps and the frequency of goal achievement among middle-aged adults. Ninety-six adults participated in a randomised control study. Participants were randomly assigned to five different step goal groups: (1) Easy (n = 19), (2) Medium (n = 19), (3) Difficult (n = 19), (4) Do-your-best (n = 19), and (5) No goal (n = 20) based on previous research. The participants wore a pedometer and were asked to reach a pre-established goal during the experimental period. In order to examine the effectiveness of the goal difficulty, (a) an average number of steps taken by different goal conditions and (b) the number of days meeting the assigned goal were tested. A one-way ANCOVA revealed significant step count differences among goal groups. Post hoc analyses indicated that the change in step count in both the Medium and Difficult goal groups was significantly greater than the remaining groups. However, there was no significant difference between the medium and difficult goal conditions. In addition, a one-way ANOVA indicated that there were no significant differences in the frequency of goal achievement among the Easy, Medium, and Difficult goal groups. Results suggest that when promoting physical activity through increasing step counts, researchers and clinicians should design goals that are specific and challenging.     

成就目标定向理论研究的回顾与展望

通过查阅献资料，对1990年以来国内、外(以国外为主)发表的目标定向的论进行分析，结果显示，具有较强任务定向将有利于自己建立适应的动机模式，对活动有积极的态度与认识，在面对困难时表现较强的意志力，显示对活动的内在兴趣；自我定向则相反。在掌握目标动机气氛下，个体参与活动的内在兴趣提升了，并在学习中更多地使用了积极的认知策略和自我约束；而在成绩动机气氛下，则削弱了学生的内部动机和自我效能感，破坏了学生对某项活动的兴趣。另外，高水平目标定向与高自尊有一定的相关性。今后的发展趋势如下：第l，个体的目标取向不是一成不变的，它牵涉到其认知、情感、价值等方面的内容，因此，目标取向是否仍有其他内容，是今后探讨的内容之一；第2，由于东西方化的差异性，教育在利用目标定向理论预测运动行为时需作进一步的检验与完善；第3，有关目标定向的长期效应和短期效应是否一致，存在什么样的差异性，也将是今后讨论的热点；第4，目标定向是如何深入调节学生的情绪状态(例如自尊体验、心境状态)也将是未来讨论的话题。     

科学发展观下的高校人才培养目标——对武汉体育学院本科教育改革思路的思考

通过对当前高等教育发展规律的分析,结合武汉体育学院教学改革实践,提出人才的可持续发展也应属于科学发展观的范畴.而人才的可持续发展依赖于以能力发展为核心的高校对才培养目标的设计与实现.文章对上述论点进行了多角度的论证和阐述,并对如何实现以能力发展为核心的人才培养目标提出了建议.     

Influence of social goal orientations and peers on unsportsmanlike play

The present study was designed to examine the influence of personal (i.e., social goal orientations or definitions of success that include interpersonal relationships) and situational (i.e., peer influence) factors on decisions surrounding unsportsmanlike play. Middle school students (ages 11-15 years) completed a measure to assess task, ego, and social goal orientations. Participants also read scenarios about unsportsmanlike actions and responded to questions tapping the intention to perform those actions. A series of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that in certain peer contexts, social goal orientations influenced unsportsmanlike play responses above and beyond the contribution of task and ego goal orientations. Results varied/for boys and girls and provide support far including social goal orientations in achievement motivation research in the physical domain.     

Development and validation of the goal content for exercise questionnaire

Self-determination theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 2000) proposes that intrinsic, relative to extrinsic, goal content is a critical predictor of the quality of an individual's behavior and psychological well-being. Through three studies, we developed and psychometrically tested a measure of intrinsic and extrinsic goal content in the exercise context: the Goal Content for Exercise Questionnaire (GCEQ). In adults, exploratory (N = 354; Study 1) and confirmatory factor analyses (N = 312; Study 2) supported a 20-item solution consisting of 5 lower order factors (i.e., social affiliation, health management, skill development, image and social recognition) that could be subsumed within a 2-factor higher order structure (i.e., intrinsic and extrinsic). Evidence for external validity, temporal stability, gender invariance, and internal consistency of the GCEQ was found. An independent sample (N = 475; Study 3) provided further support for the lower order structure of the GCEQ and some support for the higher order structure. The GCEQ was supported as a measure of exercise-based goal content, which may help understand how intrinsic and extrinsic goals can motivate exercise behavior.     

对我国本科体育教育专业培养目标的思考

在论述我国本科体育教育专业培养目标变迁的基础上,从目前我国本科体育教育专业培养目标存在的"繁化"现象入手,总结了我国现行本科体育教育专业所存在的矛盾和可能导致的负面影响,并在考虑社会需求、专业建设、学生身心发展特点以及中小学、特殊人群体育教育可持续发展等因素的基础上,提出了关于培养目标的定位,并对该培养目标引领下的课程所应涵盖的知识体系提出了建议.     

An examination of multiple goals in children's physical education: motivational effects of goal profiles and the role of perceived climate in multiple goal development

In this paper, I present data from two studies that sought to examine multiple achievement goals in the context of children's physical education (PE). Study 1 examined the links that multiple-goal profiles (i.e. mastery/performance-approach/performance-avoidance goals) for PE had with self-determined motivation, affective patterns and levels of extracurricular sporting activity in a sample of 193 Year 7 pupils. Results suggested that children endorsing high mastery/high performance-approach/high performance-avoidance, high mastery/high performance-approach/low performance-avoidance, or high mastery/ low performance-approach/low performance-avoidance profiles typically exhibited the most adaptive motivational responses. In contrast, children endorsing a low mastery/high performance-approach/high performance-avoidance profile typically experienced more maladaptive motivational outcomes. Study 2 examined the development of multiple achievement goals over two terms of PE in conjunction with retrospective perceptions of the motivational climate in the sample. The results of analysis of variance suggested that children exposed to a consistent high mastery/low performance climate experienced decreased performance-avoidance goals and maintained high levels of mastery goals for PE. In contrast, children exposed to a consistent low mastery/high performance climate experienced increased performance-avoidance goals and decreased mastery goals for PE.