我国将进行“人体性别控制”实验

哺乳动物在自然受精的情况下．后代性别为雄性和雌性的几率约各占50％。性别控制的关键就是将X精子与Y精子分离开来，然后进行体外受精或人工受精，这样就能有选择地生产出预期性别的动物。     

气候变暖 鱼类变性

西班牙海洋科学家发表一份研究报告称．气候变化可能会增加某些鱼类的雄性比例。科学界迄今认为,很多鱼类和爬行类动物的性别是由周围环境的温度决定的,而不是遗传信息,这一现象就称为“温度决定性别”机制。研究人员指出,气候变暖将导致有些鱼类的雄性比例增加到73％～98％．而理想比例为50％。研究人员预测,     

FOK产生机制研究综述

FOK判断是元记忆监测中最有代表性的形式,FOK产生机制的研究是元记忆机制研究的核心。FOK产生机制的早期假说包括痕迹接通机制与推论机制两大类。当今研究者将FOK产生机制发展成为目标提取假说、线索熟悉性假说、可接近性假说与竞争性假说。线索与靶子的联结强度影响FOK判断。     

《性别决定和伴性遗传》教学设计

一、教学内容的分析处理1．教材的地位及作用 性别决定和伴性遗传包括染色体分组、性别决定和伴性遗传等内容。由于学生已经学习了遗传的基本规律，伴性遗传实际上是基因分离定律知识在性染色体遗传上的应用，所以学生比较容易理解。     

文化与认知：比较心理学的视角

本文围绕对人类文化与动物“文化”的理解,介绍了一些具有代表性的智力进化假说,探讨了文化的界定问题．阐释了文化与认知的基本关系,并强调了对文化进行比较研究的必要性。     

假说及其在物理学发展过程中的作用

“假说”是自然科学真理发展过程中的一种形式，也是进行学科研究的的一种方法。系统认识和研究物理假说，并且在物理教学中恰当地介绍物理假说，对提高学生的物理素质和培养创造能力会有重要作用。本文对物理假说的概念、类型和形成方式，假说在物理学发展各阶段的概况及其重要作用等方面作了扼要的论述。     

超滤法连续分离转移因子及核糖核酸的研究

报道了采用超滤法从动物脾脏组织中连续分离转移因子（TF）及核糖核酸（RNA）的实验研究．结果表明超滤技术的应用，能显著缩短工艺流程，简化设备和降低能耗，特别是首次提出的连续分离方法较传统生产工艺还可使产品收率提高，更适合大规模生产．     

输入假说模式和第二语言习得

在第二语言习得的研究领域，研究者们基于大量的实证研究提出了种种理论模式，用以描述第二语言习得的过程、解释第二语言习得的机制。而在诸种理论模式中，克拉申的“监控模式”是影响最大、解释最全面、最引人关注、同时又是最具争议性的。通过结合第二语言习得的实际问题对克拉申“监控模式”进行介绍、分析和评述，有助于我们把握第二语言习得研究的焦点和要点，并加深对第二语言习得过程和机制的认识。     

探究动物激素作用的研究方法

近几年高考生物试题常用动物激素作用的研究方法来出题，考查学生对激素作用的掌握情况，特别是以实验设计题的形式出现．现将几种研究方法归纳如下，以便于学生能掌握它并顺利解题．[第一段]     

体育运动对心理健康的干预与影响机制研究

运用文献综述法介绍了国内外体育运动与心理健康关系的研究脉络,指出体育运动对于改善心理健康的影响机制在智能发展、情绪控制、提高自我知觉、消除疲劳、增强社会适应能力等方面的交互作用,并探讨了体育运动改善心理健康的生理学、心理学和社会学理论机制.     

Nature watch

The reasons behind sexual segregation in animals are many. In this article, this complex behavioural aspect in Nilgiri Tahr is described.     

Pedagogical relationships in times of sexual violence: constituting intimacy and corporality at the limits*

The article takes its starting point from the current debate on sexual violence in educational institutions. It follows an ethnographic perspective without observing sexual violence directly, arguing that doing so is ethically impossible. Instead it suggests deducing risks for sexual violence through the limits of pedagogical practices. Discussing two case studies (an all-day-school and a residential child care home) and relating their discursive concepts of caring and educating to their practices shows how these institutions address the topic of sexual violence. Reconstructing the practices that constitute a difference between exclusive, one-on-one caring situations and open, publicly accessible educational situations show how transgressions of the limits of corporality to intimacy become institutionalised. We conclude that an ethnography of transgression points to practice arrangements that pose a risk for sexual violence in educational institutions.     

Child sexual abuse in sub-Saharan Africa: a literature review

OBJECTIVE: This article reviews the English-language literature on child sexual abuse in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The focus is on the sexual abuse of children in the home/community, as opposed to the commercial sexual exploitation of children. METHODS: English language, peer-reviewed papers cited in the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) are examined. Reports from international and local NGOs and UN agencies are also examined. RESULTS: Few published studies on the sexual abuse of children have been conducted in the region, with the exception of South Africa. Samples are predominantly clinical or University based. A number of studies report that approximately 5% of the sample reported penetrative sexual abuse during their childhood. No national survey of the general population has been conducted. The most frequent explanations for the sexual abuse of children in SSA include rapid social change, AIDS/HIV avoidance strategies and the patriarchal nature of society. Child sexual abuse is most frequently perpetrated by family members, relatives, neighbors or others known to the child. CONCLUSIONS: There is nothing to support the widely held view that child sexual abuse is very rare in SSA-prevalence levels are comparable with studies reported from other regions. The high prevalence levels of AIDS/HIV in the region expose sexually abused children to high risks of infection. It is estimated that, approximately.6-1.8% of all children in high HIV-incidence countries in Southern Africa will experience penetrative sexual abuse by an AIDS/HIV infected perpetrator before 18 years of age.     

Sexual abuse in the national incidence study of child abuse and neglect: An appraisal

The National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect was a major, government sponsored effort to collect data on reported and unreported child abuse. It used a systematic representative sample methodology and very precisely developed definitions of child abuse. This paper reviews some of the main limitations of the study in regard to findings on sexual abuse. First, there is probably less “new” data in the study on sexual abuse than on other forms of abuse, since so many of the study cases of sexual abuse were “officially reported” cases. In addition, the study limited its definition of sexual abuse only to cases where a caretaker was the perpetrator, a definition that is much more restrictive than what is used in many treatment programs. Finally, the data on perpetrators has a number of problems that stem from the study's definitions of sexual abuse. The paper makes suggestions for future incidence type studies of sexual abuse.     

论高等教育中学科专业的性别隔离

学术界关于高等教育中学科专业的性别隔离主要有两种解释:一是生物本质主义的解释,它主要以两性的生理差异和心理差异为认识基础来阐释学科专业中的性别差异;二是女性主义的解释,它认为,学科的性别隔离是社会意识形态、权力系统和利益基础在学科领域的表现,是社会文化建构的结果。女性主义的阐释为解决这一问题提供了新的思路和策略。     

Group treatments for women sexually abused as children: a review of the literature and recommendations for future outcome research

OBJECTIVE: Adults with a history of sexual abuse often suffer many long-term consequences. It is important that therapists be able to provide effective treatment to address the host of issues that are presented in therapy by adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). In order to provide the best possible treatment, therapists should know which treatments are most effective. METHOD: This paper provides a critique of the outcome research of 13 studies (six uncontrolled and seven controlled) on the treatment of adults who suffered childhood sexual abuse and discusses specific methodological strategies that can enhance the quality of such research in the future. RESULTS: Although many of the studies contain methodological limitations, the results generally indicate that group treatment helps reduce symptomatology in the short-term and at follow-up. CONCLUSION: Although outcome research has not been published on specific individual or conjoint treatment approaches for adult survivors of CSA, several outcome studies have found group treatment to be effective in the recovery of female CSA survivors.     

影视输入条件下艺术院校学生词汇附带习得的实证研究

本文以艺术院校大二两个班的学生作为实验对象,分析两个班学生在有影视输入条件下同无影视输入条件下的词汇量变化,来探讨影视输入是否有利于词汇量少于5000的学生的词汇附带习得。研究发现,影视输入对学生的词汇附带习得有明显效果,附带习得多发生在托福、雅思程度类词汇。     

SEXUAL KNOWLEDGE AS THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN YOUTH AND ADULTHOOD AND THE IDEAL OF INNOCENCE IN THE DUTCH DEBATE ON SEXUAL INSTRUCTION 1890‐1960

In this article the changing role of sexuality in the definition of the boundary between youth and adulthood is discussed. Sexual activities as well as knowledge of it used to be strictly reserved to adults after marriage, but this deep artificial segregation could not be upheld in the modernization process. Examples from the debate on sexual education in the Netherlands in the last two centuries are given to illustrate the deep ambivalence educationalists felt in the removal of this distinction between young and old by the gradual spreading of sexual instruction and by lowering the age at which younsters become sexually active.     

Knowledge on sexual abuse and self-protection skills: a study on female Chinese adolescents with mild mental retardation

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the level of sexual abuse knowledge and self-protection skills in a sample of female Chinese adolescents with mild mental retardation. It was hypothesized that the participants would exhibit impoverished knowledge on sexual abuse and related self-protection strategies. METHOD: A total of 77 female Chinese adolescents aged from 11 to 15 years old who met the inclusion criterion of the study were recruited from four special schools for mental retardation. The Chinese versions of the Personal Safety Questionnaire and the "What If' Situation Test (Wurtele, 1990) were administered orally to the participants during individual interviews. RESULTS: Participants were more able to accurately recognize inappropriate than appropriate touches and sexual requests, and possessed limited information about sexual abuse. They were also inadequate in protecting themselves against sexual abuse, and had the most difficulty in reporting the sexually abusive incident and characteristics of the offender. Regression analyses also showed that their sexual abuse knowledge was the best predictor for self-protection skills. CONCLUSION: The present findings provided strong cross-cultural support to previous Western studies that found females with mild mental retardation of high risk to sexual abuse and in need of specially designed prevention program to enhance their competency against sexual victimization and exploitation. With modification and refinement, measurement scales used in the Western general population could be extended to Chinese adolescents with mental retardation. Suggestions on the design of the sexual abuse prevention programs, limitations of the present study, and recommendations for future studies were also discussed.     

Modelling Social Segregation

This paper proposes a multilevel modelling approach to the analysis of social segregation in schools. Using data on free school meal eligibility it shows that the underlying variation between schools for the period 1994-1999 has increased. It also shows that the change is greater for selective than non-selective local education authorities (LEAs). It is suggested that the approach of this paper can be applied generally to the modelling of social segregation at institution level.