战争与大学:二战及冷战后美国研究型大学的发展演进

历经近三个世纪的探索与融合,美国研究型大学业已成为世界学术中心,其发展模式业已成为全球模仿与借鉴的典范。战争在大学发展中起了决定性作用,第二次世界大战(简称“二战”)成为美国研究型大学发展的分水岭,战争前后的美国研究型大学有着截然不同发展层次。二战前夕,美国大学一直以无计划方式发展,联邦政府几乎未给予资助;二战及接踵而来的冷战触发联邦政府对大学科研的倚重,战争给美国研究型大学带来长期的“礼物”——联邦资助成为大学科研经费的主要来源。战争使得美国高等教育实现了量与质的双重飞跃,然而,这种为战而兴的资助发展过于畸形,大学与政府之间应保持一定的距离,积极回应社会所需而非一味满足国家需要。     

美国联邦政府资助大学科研的政策与机制

美国研究开发活动的分权资助体系,以及美国大学将教育与前沿研究活动相结合的特征,是美国充满巨大创新活力的主要原因。而联邦政府竞争性科研拨款机制,包括价值评议与同行评议,则保证了联邦政府资助科研活动的质量,促进了研究型大学的发展。分权和多样化的科研资助来源则使大学的自主权得以保障。     

美国公立高校民营化倾向探究

21世纪初,随着美国经济的又一次衰退,美国公立高校的民营化趋势愈演愈烈,公立高校开始依赖私人资金,并不断扩大自主权。对近20年来美国公立高校经费来源结构的变化作大致的分析,有助于探究目前美国公立高校民营化倾向的原因及其表现,并分析其对教育公平性、教学质量、高校管理、乃至整个美国高等教育系统所产生的影响。     

Web-based student evaluations of professors: the relations between perceived quality,easiness and sexiness

College students critique their professors' teaching at RateMyProfessors.com, a web page where students anonymously rate their professors on Quality, Easiness, and Sexiness. Using the self-selected data from this public forum, we examine the relations between quality, easiness, and sexiness for 3190 professors at 25 universities. For faculty with at least ten student posts, the correlation between quality and easiness is 0.61, and the correlation between quality and sexiness is 0.30. Using simple linear regression, we find that about half of the variation in quality is a function of easiness and sexiness. When grouped into sexy and non-sexy professors, the data reveal that students give sexy-rated professors higher quality and easiness scores. If these findings reflect the thinking of American college students when they complete in-class student opinion surveys, then universities need to rethink the validity of student opinion surveys as a measure of teaching effectiveness. High student opinion survey scores might well be viewed with suspicion rather than reverence, since they might indicate a lack of rigor, little student learning, and grade inflation.     

Teaching Quality After the Massification of Higher Education in Taiwan

To explore whether teaching quality was improved by the Taiwan Ministry of Education's implementation of the Teaching Excellence Program after the massification of higher education, the authors used data from a 2007 student survey to build a Teaching Quality Assessment Model to analyze university students' views of the Teaching Excellence Program's improvements in teaching, identify problems with teaching quality, and compare differences between the viewpoints of students from different backgrounds regarding teaching quality. This research from the student perspective indicates that universities receiving Teaching Excellence Program grants failed to meet the expectations of students in terms of teaching equipment, training and internships, teaching evaluation systems, graduate employment and career counseling, fair evaluation of instructors' teaching, and building a learning culture. Once universities received the teaching improvement funding, they made immediate improvements in teaching yet failed to fully meet the expectations of students. After universities expand in size, we recommend that the leadership of such universities deeply examine and establish a more comprehensive teaching quality mechanism to continuously improve teaching quality.     

提升高校英美文学课程教学质量的思考

文章以英语专业英美文学课程教学质量现状为切入点,重点研究了英美文学课程教学的困境及提升教学质量的具体途径,以期打破高校英语专业英美文学课程的尴尬生存局面,充分发挥英美文学的人文价值。     

英国高等教育入学政策:扩招与公平

英国高等教育在从精英教育迈向大众化、普及化的进程中,英国政府及高校通过制定走向扩招的入学政策、探索多元入学途径、建立招生服务机构,形成了以扩大参与为导向的高等教育入学政策。与此同时,英国政府也通过立法保证公平入学,并通过成立公平入学办公室、建立公平入学论坛、采取经费资助入学等方式,形成了一套行之有效的公平入学的政策。英国高等教育的这种扩大参与、公平入学二者兼顾的入学政策取向,为英国院校的入学政策带来巨大影响,也值得我们反思与借鉴。     

英国高等教育市场化趋向:经费筹措视角

高等教育市场化是当代西方高等教育发展的重要趋势,20世纪80年代撒切尔政府开始大幅削减高等教育经费,英国高校为求生存不得不走向市场化改革之路。英国高等教育市场化趋向表现为:实行高等教育成本分担,改革高等教育拨款方式,拓宽高等教育筹资渠道,建立创业型大学等。这些举措既弥补了高等教育经费的不足,也极大地增强了高等院校的活力和独立性。     

Performance-based university funding and the drive towards ‘institutional meritocracy’ in Italy

Many countries, including Italy, are increasingly managing their public higher education systems in accordance with the New Public Management principle that private-sector management practices improve efficiency and quality. A key mechanism has been the introduction of performance-based funding systems designed to reward ‘high-performing’ institutions and incentivise ‘lesser-performing’ institutions to improve. Instead of improving efficiency and quality across the board, however, we argue that performance-based funding systems naturalise longstanding structurally determined inequalities between institutions by recasting national higher education systems as competitive institutional meritocracies in which institutional inequalities are redefined as objective indicators of intrinsic ‘merit’ or worth. We illustrate how performance-based university funding systems naturalise pre-existing inequalities between universities drawing on the case of Italy, a country characterised by longstanding inequalities between its northern and southern regions which demonstrably impact on the apparent ‘performance’ of universities. The concept of institutional meritocracy captures the illusory nature of this performance game.     

新世纪高校德育思考

新世纪的高校德育,首先应该用战略眼光认真审视其地位和作用。用辩证思维把握其与有关社会现象、教育内容的关系,尤其是与社会文化、人类教育、素质教育、国外道德教育的关系,在此基础上对其现代内涵特征进行深入挖掘,明确其功能、目标、内容和形式,并以自觉的精神推进其现代化进程。     

两次世界大战之间英国大学发展研究

两次世界大战期间英国大学教育数量发展平缓,科技教育发展不足;建立大学拨款委员会是这一时期大学教育发展的突破点,也是英国大学管理制度创新的范例;大学经费资助政策的倾斜与兼顾促进了英国不同层次大学的发展。     

A fair slice of the pie? Problematising the dispersal of government funds to Australian universities

A common theme in higher education research is the factors that affect university funding. Studies frequently examine how universities cope with funding cuts and the changes that have stemmed from operating in a neoliberal age, a period that now sees institutions commonly functioning on a cost/benefit basis. This paper offers an original contribution by using the Australian Federal Government Department of Education and Training’s document, Finance 2015: Financial Reports of Higher Education Providers, to problematise the financial assistance individual Australian public universities received from the federal government. The paper acknowledges the factors that can account for some institutions receiving more funding than others but nonetheless highlights the substantial discrepancies concerning government financial contributions that exist between Australia’s highest and lowest funded universities. At a time when a performative culture has increasingly become part of higher education, and an institution’s research performance is calculable and rankable, it is crucial to Australia’s long-term research success that all its universities remain competitive in the race for research and government funding.     

认知法带给英美文学教学的启示

目前许多学校的英美文学课采用“文学史＋选读”的教学模式,学生死记硬背、浅尝辄止,没有接触过一部完整的小说或一个完整的剧本,没能学会如何欣赏和分析文学原著。文章针对此,借鉴认知法所提倡的原则,对英美文学教学进行改革：让学生阅读完整的作品,给学生讲解欣赏作品的方法,让学生撰写阅读心得,以此提高英美文学教学水平,培养高素质的人才。     

Compliance, resistance and seduction: reflections on 20?years of the funding council model of governance

Formally the new public management model of governance was introduced into British higher education with the passage of the 1988 Education Reform Act, which abolished the existing University Grants Committee (UGC) and instigated the funding councils. This article explores the relationship between the state, the funding councils and the universities with respect to the contemporary development of the English system of higher education. The analysis is based on an exploration of four key policy issues: the quality assurance regime, the research assessment exercises, the widening participation agenda and the introduction of student fees. The goal is to explore how the quasi-state organisations—in particular the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE)—have mediated the relationship between the state and the universities. The evidence suggests that the coupling of the state to the universities follows one of three tracks: compliance, resistance and seduction. The article explores what factors determine why one relationship (or combination of relationships) prevails, and explains patterns of change over time. The overall conclusion is that institutional interaction is very complex, and it is inaccurate—as is sometimes claimed—to view the funding council as little more than a compliant channel of government policy.     

Autonomy or oligarchy? The changing effects of university endowments in winner-take-all markets

This paper directs attention to important changes in the role and funding of elite private universities in the USA. At the center of these changes is the private endowment—an institution that has for much of its history been a pivotal element of innovation and autonomy, but which is recently tilting towards the production and reproduction of oligarchic institutional conditions. In the context of an explosion of wealth inequality in winner-take-all markets where elite higher education serves to provide coveted access to rare positional goods, the in perpetuity endowment—as currently configured—allows a small group of globally leading institutions to become rentiers who can support themselves nearly exclusively through the returns on their endowed capital. With that, a century-old dynamic of innovation and change of American higher education is at risk of collapsing. Where the elite private universities used to act as the head of Riesman’s snake-like procession, pulling the majority of American universities along in a process of isomorphic emulation, the emerging gulf between a handful of academic rentiers and the rest of the academic body (including many world-renowned, but not super-rich universities) threatens to cut that head off from the body, leaving the majority of the remaining institutions scrambling for survival at the mercy of the dictates of academic capitalism. We review policy options capable of taming the run-away endowment and place the issue in the larger context of the tension between Madisonian and Jeffersonian democratic imperatives.     

The Influence of The Bible on The Pilgrim's Progress

The Bible is the classic work of Christianity.The influence of the Bible on the British and American literature is profound and extensive.Therefore,one of the most profoundly influenced literature works-The Pilgrim's Progress,which was the British pastor and essay writer John Bunyan's representative work couldn't don't be involved.Thus,this paper is going to elaborate the influence of The Bible on The Pilgrim's Progress systematically by the conscientious reading and analysis.Firstly,this paper will introduce the background of The Bible,and its composing parts,and its relation with the British and American literature.Secondly,this paper will also emphatically recommend The Pilgrim's Progress and its author John Bunyan.At last,it will analyze the relation between The Bible and The Pilgrim's Progress.     

Graduate Studies in the UK: Some Impressions and Suggestions

Many western countries are paying increasing attention to the organization and administration of graduate studies. Such attention has developed from primary concerns about completion times, completion percentages, programme quality, and student quality, as well as secondary concerns about supervisors, funding, coursework, inter-organizational co-operation, and policies and practices of both universities and research councils. Using information about British graduate programmes as a basis, the article presents policy issues related to research councils, funding councils, and control, followed by discussion of the themes of the nature of programmes, supervision and evaluation, completion time, quality, and innovation. The final sections address several concerns and offer some suggestions.     

英国高校海外办学:历程、趋势和启示

英国高校海外办学历史悠久,呈现融资模式多样化稳定化、治理模式标准化规范化、生源日益增多、办学规模不断扩大、师生管理高效科学、专业设置日臻完善、教学与学习效果日益显著等特点。英国在高等教育国际化和海外办学的过程中积累了相当丰富的成功经验。分析英国海外办学的背景,探究英国海外办学的发展阶段、管理方式和教学模式,对我国高等教育走向海外发展和进行海外办学具有非常宝贵的借鉴价值。     

Wikipedia and the University,a case study

This article discusses the use of Wikipedia by academics and students for learning and teaching activities at Liverpool Hope University. Hope has distinctive aspects but we consider the findings to be indicative of Wikipedia use at other British universities. First we discuss general issues of Wikipedia use within the university. Second, we examine existing research on Wikipedia use amongst students and academics. Based upon a sample of 133 academics and 1222 students, our principal findings were: (1) 75% of academics and students use Wikipedia; (2) student use is typically confined to the initial stages of assessments; (3) a quarter of academics provide guidance on how to use Wikipedia and (4) 70% of academics use Wikipedia for background information for teaching purposes, something that it is not influenced by whether student use is tolerated or not. Our conclusion is that whilst Wikipedia is now unofficially integrated into universities, it is not ‘the’ information resource as feared by many and that an enlightened minority of academics have attempted to assimilate it into their teaching.     

高等院校分层:一种社会阶层分析的视角

在以美、英两国为代表的西方学界,学者们通过研究揭示了基于不同社会阶层存在于学生中的不公平现象:来自优势地位阶层的学生更多地聚集在院校系统的上层,而来自弱势地位阶层的学生则更多聚集在院校系统的下层。与美、英两国相比,中国社会的阶层分类虽有自身的特点,但许多学者的研究也揭示出基于社会阶层存在于学生中的不公平现象也十分明显。这表明,高等院校方层是客观存在的。