评《周易科学观》对元素周期表的解释

徐道一先生的<周易科学观>一书,据书评者说:“畅论了<周易>和现代自然科学的联系,综合会通了近十年国内外关于<周易>与现代自然科学的关系的各种论著,更提出了自己的独到见解,……可以说是十年来的科学观点研究<周易>的丰富成果的一次总结“.[徐道一1992,序]徐道一先生自己介绍:<周易科学观>的“第三、四、五章用大量、可靠的现代科学资料从天、地、生、数、理、化综合研究等方面来论述<周易>的一些基本概念“.[徐道一1992,前言]他认为:“从根本上看来,<周易>‘尽宇宙之妙,通天人之际‘“.[徐道一1992,2页]他更认为,正确区分东方科学技术的精华和糟粕的问题中,“核心问题之一是对<周易>的评价“.[徐道一1992,239页]……     

《湖泊科学》近10年(2006—2015年)自引及其原因剖析

【目的】 分析《湖泊科学》近10年的自引行为变化规律,剖析产生原因,思考期刊非正常自引现象,引导期刊自引的客观认识,更好地办好学术期刊。【方法】 根据《中国科技期刊引证报告(核心版)》的数据以及《湖泊科学》2006—2015年载文的参考文献,得到《湖泊科学》近10年的自引率(R_SC),总被引频次(F_TC),总自引频次(F_SC),对影响因子(IF)有贡献的总被引频次(F_TCIF)、自引频次(F_SCIF),自引率(R_SCIF),载文数量,平均引文数量以及IF等评价指标,分析各指标的变化趋势以及相互之间的关系。【结果】 在无人为操控的前提下,《湖泊科学》近10年R_SC变化较小,F_TC、F_SC、F_SCIF以及载文数量均有升高趋势,R_SCIF略高于R_SC,但是自引对IF无显著影响。【结论】 R_SC与学科大小和研究范围有关。增加科研投入、提升期刊内容质量、应用数字化手段以及加大推广力度等因素导致了F_TC、F_SC和F_SCIF等指标升高。期刊出现R_SC过高或突然大幅度升高、F_SCIF与IF有很强的相关性、R_SCIF大大高于R_SC等现象时,很可能是人为操控所致。中国科技期刊编辑只有自律自强,才能够使得中国科技期刊的学术质量真正获得国内科技工作者的认同并且在国际舞台上占有一席之地。     

期刊影响力指数排名的合理性分析

【目的】 探讨期刊影响力指数的科学合理性及其可能存在的不足,以利于决策者、办刊人以及作者更加科学地评估学术期刊影响力,预测期刊发展潜力。【方法】 以2015—2017年《中国学术期刊影响因子年报》的10个期刊指标数据为研究对象,运用IBM SPSS软件,采用主成分分析法,求得各期刊的综合主成分得分(F),按照F对期刊进行排名;将F与期刊影响力指数(f_CI)排名结果进行对比分析;采用Spearman秩相关系数,比较f_CI和F与10个指标的相关程度。【结果】 F与10个指标的相关性总体高于f_CI;f_CI和F与即年指标的相关系数相对较小,但是F明显高于f_CI。【结论】 F排名更接近各项指标共同表征的期刊水平;更能反映期刊的反应速率和被引强度;在参阅期刊f_CI排名时,应当特别注意参考期刊的即年指标。     

尼采的挑战评戴维·罗宾逊《尼采与后现代主义》

近年来,英国图标书局(IconBooks)出版了一套系列丛书“后现代遭遇“(Postmodern Encounters).这套丛书中的每一册都以一位思想家的某个重要思想为主线,结合当代世界的一个特定文化现象,介绍和探讨所谓的“后现代社会“的特征.该丛书已经出版的分册有20余种,其中包括<乔姆斯基与全球化>、<道金斯与自私基因>、<德里达与历史的终结>、<海德格与纳粹>、<柏拉图与互联网>、<维特根斯坦与心理分析>等.该丛书宣称,它的每一本小册子“讨论一个处在当代思想的风尖浪口上的观念“,整套书是“塑造21世纪的大争论的小导引“.……     

中国龙胆科一新属——扁蕾属

Gentiana was originally proposed by Tournefort in 1700. Linnaeus adopted this generic name in his “Genera Plantarum” published in 1737. He divided the genus into seven groups on the basis of different shapes of corolla and forms of floral appendages. In his “Species Plantarum” he reorganized them into three artificial ones.  Forty years later, Moench established a new genus, Gentianella under which he described G. tetrandra as the type of his new genus.  In the view of identity of Gentianella tetrandra with Gentiana campestris L., it is evident that Gentianella represents only some plants formerly included in Gentiana at Linnaeus time.  In 1796, Froelich’s monograph on Gentiana appeared.  In his work four sections were represented and one of them was Crossopetalum.  In 1845, Grisebach also published a monograph of  Gentianaceae and recorded fifteen sections of which Amarella and Imaicola are two of his seven proposed ones. In 1888, Huxley studied the floral structure of Gentianaceae  in relation with pollination mechanism and, accordingly, divided the family into two  main groups, one with epipetalous glands, the other with glands at the base of the ovary.  In each group, four types of flowers were found.  He concluded that Gentiana was a  complex genus on account of presence of four different types of flowers in this group,  and suggested that many species of the genus should be separated out to form some smaller  generic categories.  Six years after, Kusnezow in his monograph divided Gentiana into  two subgenera Eugentiana and Gentianella.  In his system, subgenus Eugentiana consists  of ten sections and the Gentianella, seven.  He contributed much to the systematic  treatment of Eugnetiana but little to that of Gentianella.  He maintained the genus  Gentiana in a broad sense.  With increased knowledge of this group in the last thirty years, a number of botanists were able to make a clearer delimitation of true Gentiana  and its allies and treated them in more natural way.  Moench’s genus Gentianella was  rerised.  In 1936, H. Smith separated Megacodon from Gentianella as a genus.  In the  present paper, the writer suggests a generic name Gentianopsis for the section Crossopetalum in the same Genus. This new genus is characterized by (1) its large and somewhat flattened ellipsoidal   flower bud, (2) two dissimilar pairs of calyx lobes which are distichously imbricate in  aestivation, (3) four triangular, ciflated intracalyx membranes at the base of and  alternate with the calyx lobes, (4) distinct gynophore and (5) enlarged stigma. While  in typical Gentianella represented by section Amarella, the flower buds are small and terete, a laciniate corona is usually present, and the calyx-lobes are leafy, lanceolate, imbricate, and not provided with intracalyx membrane.       Besides the morphological characters mentioned above, the anatomical structure of  the floral parts is also a significant generic criterion.  In Gentianopsis, eight vascular  bundles are present in calyx, representing four dorsals and four fused ventrals.  In each  corolla-lobe there are five bundles.  In the body of ovary six bundles are present.  The ovule bearing surface is extensive covering nearly to entire surface of the ovary wall with  the exception of a narrow longitudinal zone along the dorsal bundle.  In Gentianella, calyx bundles are three in each lobe, without fusion of the ventrals.  In each corolla- lobe, the bundles are three instead of five as in Gentianopsis but the lateral ones branch once dichotomously after entering the base of corolla. In the body of ovary only four main bundles are present due to the fusion of smaller ventral ones.  The placentation is confined to the region of the ventral bundles.        Phylogenetically Gentianopsis and Gentianella may be regarded as closely reIated and may represent branches of a common line with Gentianopsis standing at a lower level, Gentianella being more advanced. In Gentianella the number of bundles in the corolla segments and ovary wall are reduced by partial or complete fusion and the distribution of ovules is confined only to the region of the ventral bundles.  However, in the calyx of Gentianopsis there is fusion of ventral bundles, whereas the correspound- ing bundles in the Gentianella remain separate.  The Gentianopsis-Gentianella line on the one hand and the Gentiana line on the other may come again from a common acestral stock.  Gentiana possesses only three bundles in each corolla-lobe.  A variety of plicate between corolla lobes except in case of Gentiana lutea and intracalyx membrane above the throat of calyx-tube are also the common structures in Gentiana.  Thus the pollination mechanism is highly specialized in the genus.  As far as we know, in Gentiana the glandular appendages usually exist at the base of ovary.  If those nectarial processes are correctly interpreted as the representatives of staminodes, gentiana would, undoubtedly, be derived from an ancestral  form with  hypogynous  diplostemonous androecium, and bears no direct relationship to Gentianopsis or Gentianella in which the glands are epipetalous.  It may be reasonable to conclude the Gentiana and Gentianopsis- Gentianella line are two parallel derivatives from a common ancestor which has the floral characters of two series of hypogynous stamens. Gentianopsis and Gentianella may represent branches of a common line with Gentianopsis standing at a lower level, Gentianella being more advanced. Their relations may be diagrammed below:                                                       Gentianopsis                                                                                                                               Gentianella Common ancestor                                                       Gentiana        This new genus consists of fourteen species and two varieties in the world.  Onlyeight species and two varieties are represented in China. They are G. barbara, G. barbatavar. sinensis, G. grandis, G. scabromanginata, G. paludosa, G. nana, G. longistyla,G. lutea, G. contorta, and G. contorta var. Wui.     The species of present genus occur in the alpine regions of North Hemisphere.  InChina t,hey are distributed in Kokonor, Kansu, Shensi, Shansi, Chahar, Hopei, Manchuria,Hupeh, Szechuan, Sikang, Tibet, and Yunnan. G. Yabei (Takeda et Hara) is foundin Japan, G. detonsa (Bott&) in North Europe, G. ciliata (Linn.) in South Europe,G. crinita (Froel.) G. procera (Holm.) and G. degans (A. Nels) in North America.G. barbata is the most widespreading species and reported in Sibiria and China.G. contorta (Royle) is a common plant in Himalayan mountaineous range, China andNorth part of India.     The species and varieties cited in this paper are as follows:           t.  Gentianopsis barbata (Froel.) comb. nov.           la. Gentianopsis barbata (Froel.) var. sinensis, var. nov.          2.  Gentian opsis grandis (H. Sm.) comb. nov.          3.  Gentianopsis scabromarginata (H. Sm.) comb. nov.          4.  Gcntianopsis paludosa (Munro) comb. nov.          5.  Gentianopsis nana sp. nov.          6.  Gentianopsis longistyla, sp. nov.          7.  Gentianopsis lutea, sp. nov.     

Cu-12(n－1)n和“02(n－1)n”-Cl高温超导系列

本文简要介绍2个铜氧化物高温超导体(HTSC)系列：CuBa₂Ca_n-1Cu_nO_2n+2+δ,即Cu-12(n-1)n, 简称Cu-系;和(Sr,Ca)_n+1Cu_nO_2n(Cl,O)₂, 即“02(n-1)n”Cl,简称Cl-系。2个系列均含有多层［CuO₂］平面,具有高的超导临界转变温度（T_c）。Cu-1234 相的T_c117K,“0212”-Cl的T_c 80K。特别是Cu系具有良好的高温高磁场超导性能。Cu-1212与YBa₂Cu₃O₆晶体同构,加之仅含碱土和铜的氧化物,组份经济,操作安全,Cu-系因此具备诱人的应用开发潜力。与常规的HTSC不同,Cl-系的层间构成是卤化物,而非通常的氧化物。根据这一结构特点用“顶角氧”掺杂实现了“ 0212”Cl的T_c80K的超导转变。研究表明“0212”-Cl具有与全氧化物HTSC可比的超导性能,预示了对卤氧化物高温超导体群研究和开发的乐观前景。     

引洮供水工程水资源开发利用探讨

引洮供水工程是以九甸峡水利枢纽为龙头,为改善甘肃省中部地区极度缺水现状而实施的跨流域调水工程。2010年和2020年水平年洮河下游总需水量分别为47.26×10⁸m³和47.74×10⁸m³,引洮需水量分别为2.14×10⁸m³和6.04×10⁸m³。在分析九甸峡梯级水库群特点的基础上,以尽可能满足引洮水量、洮河下游生产生活需水,以及下游生态用水为目标,建立了该系统的模拟调度模型,并确定了系统结构和调度原则。结合引洮工程实际情况,设定了三种方案,分别考虑2010年一期工程、2020年一期工程和2020年二期工程。通过长系列模拟计算,得出了各方案的水资源利用情况,模拟计算表明,不同水平年多年平均引洮水量和洮河下游经济社会、生态环境用水均可保证,但冲沙用水不能满足,三个方案缺水量分别为0.95×10⁸m³、0.98×10⁸m³和2.31×10⁸m³;典型年计算结果表明,只有在来水较丰时,才能同时满足洮河下游需水量和引洮水量的需求,典型枯水年和平水年分别缺水11.51×10⁸m³和3.13×10⁸m³。     

医学论文中成组t检验P值错误及其原因分析

【目的】 调查医学论文中成组t检验的P值错误,分析错误原因,并提出相应措施。【方法】 选取236种医学期刊,每种期刊选取1项成组t检验,核验其P值,应用χ²检验、Mantel-Haenszel法、二项式logistic回归分析P值错误。【结果】 236项成组t检验中,50项存在P值错误。单因素分析结果显示,核心期刊与非核心期刊相比,P值错误发生率差异具有统计学意义(χ²=4.871,P=0.027);给出具体P值组与未给出具体P值组相比,P值错误发生率差异具有统计学意义(χ²=15.440,P<0.0001)。将是否给出具体P值作为混杂因素,比较核心期刊与非核心期刊P值错误发生率,差异无统计学意义(χ²=2.703,P=0.100)。多因素分析结果显示,是否方差齐(OR值为0.470,95%CI为0.230~0.961)、是否给出具体P值(OR值为5.459,95%CI为2.311~12.895)具有统计学意义。【结论】 医学论文成组t检验P值错误较多。为及时发现P值错误,期刊编辑应当重视对统计学方法应用条件的审查,要求作者给出统计描述以及统计推断的具体结果,能够利用简单易学的统计学软件核实P值。     

能源经济学研究前沿 专家视点

全球能源变革呼唤能源经济学创新  （何建坤,清华大学） 能源-环境-经济综合评估模型的发展趋势  （范英 朱磊,中国科学院科技政策与管理科学研究所） 大数据时代的能源金融  （郭剑锋 姬强,中国科学院科技政策与管理科学研究所） 应对能源和气候变化挑战： 政策导向型研究  （王 毅,中国科学院科技政策与管理科学研究所） 构建开放的国际原油交易平台 完善有效的能源市场体系  （褚玦海,上海期货交易所/上海国际能源交易中心） 非常规油气开发在美国的兴起对全球油气市场的影响  （乌米·伊力达尔,美国路易斯安那州立大学能源研究中心、尼日利亚哈科特港大学绿色能源研究所） 能源、市场和市场失灵  （阿多尼斯·雅筑,加拿大多伦多大学经济系）     

中国白花丹科花粉形态研究

The present paper describes the pollen morphology of 30 species belonging to 7 genera of Plumbaginaceae from China.  The pollen grains were all examined under light microscope, and those of some species under scanning and transmission electron microscope.       The pollen grains of the family are subspheroidal, prolate or oblate, (37.5-74.5)× (40.4-81.9)μ in size, 3-colpate, rarely 4-6-colpate,  only pancolpate in  Ceratostigma willmottianum.  The exine 2-layered, 2.0-7.4μ thick, sexine thicker than nexine, verrucate, reticulate or coarsely reticulate.       On the basis of the morphology, two types of pollen grains are distinguished in the family:       (1)  The pollen grains are 3-(rarely 4-6 ) or pancolpate, the exine verrucate. They are found in the tribe Plumbagineae (inculuding the genera Ceratostigma, Plumbago and Plumbagella).       (2)  The pollen grains are all 3-colpate, the exine reticulate or coarsely reticulate. They are found in the tribe Staticeae (including the genera Acantholimon, Ikonnikovia, Goniolimon and Limonium ).     

商业模式创新的研究热点及其演化可视化分析

针对SCI和SSCI数据库1997-2016年的研究文献,借助CiteSpaceIII和Alluvial flow等软件,通过“文献共被引聚类”、“标志性文献”、“突发文献”和“突现词”等指标开展了商业模式创新的可视化科学计量分析,揭示了20年间商业模式创新的研究热点及演化过程,探究了未来商业模式创新的新趋势。研究发现,商业模式创新的主要热点包括“价值创造”、“开源”和“商业模式挑战”等;热点呈现出由20世纪末期的“信息技术”,21世纪初的“互联网”、“电子商务”和“大规模定制”,发展到目前的“云制造”、“云计算”和“企业社会责任”等演进趋势;AMIT R、TEECE DJ、CHESBROUGH H和VENKATRAMAN N等人的相应研究成果是本领域热点文献;“虚拟现实”、“人工智能”、“3D打印”和“仿真研究”等有可能成为未来的商业模式创新热点。本研究可以促进商业模式创新的理论发展,为学者明确商业模式创新的研究方向,为企业开展商业模式创新提供指引和借鉴。     

长三角地区环境库兹涅茨曲线探讨

CO₂减排是绿色发展当然要求。走“绿色发展”是经济与环境友好的必由之路。本文首先探讨长三角的江苏、浙江和上海CO₂排放与经济增长的环境库兹涅茨曲线,发现上海人均CO₂和人均GDP、江苏CO₂和人均GDP、浙江CO₂和GDP存在“∩”型的EKC,根据各自因变量时间序列拟合生长模型,经测算,2012年上海即已出现拐点,2014年浙江出现拐点,江苏于2016年出现拐点。在LMDI分解模型中引入碳源因子,将CO₂排放的驱动因素分为排放结构因子、碳源因子、强度因子、社会富裕因子和人口因子,使用三期移动平均法调整原始数据后进行效应计算,得到社会富裕因子是长三角CO₂排放增加的最主要助推器,人口因子次之。强度因子是长三角CO₂排放的最大抑制性因子,碳源因子是长三角CO₂排放的次要抑制性因子。排放结构因子对CO₂排放增量作用有限的结论,最后提出使用多元结构能源,调整能源消费方向,鼓励消费低CO₂排放能源,加重高CO₂排放能源使用成本,重视节能减排教育和宣传,减缓社会财富、人口因子等发展权引致的CO₂必要性排放等建议,可作为经济发达地区把握CO₂排放现状、制定践行国家和区域CO₂减排政策等参考。     

带Hardy-Sobolev临界指数和权函数的半线性椭圆问题的非平凡解

借助环绕定理和非线性分析技巧,研究如下一类带Hardy-Sobolev临界指数和权函数的半线性椭圆方程 - Δ u-μ u |x|2 =λu+K(x) |u|2*(s)-2u |x|s , x∈Ω; u=0, x∈Ω, 解的存在性,其中Ω是 R N具有光滑边界的有界开区域,0∈Ω,N≥5,0≤s≤2, 0≤μ≤ N-2 2 2, λ>０,K(x)是 上有界正函数.     

大气14CO2观测：碳排放评估的新方法

我国作为碳排放大国,面临着碳达峰、碳中和（以下简称“双碳”）目标任务和国际碳减排压力。因此,准确的碳排放数据对于评估“双碳”目标和国际履约非常重要。联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）报告推荐将二氧化碳（CO₂）观测与大气反演结合来“自上而下”地校验“自下而上”的碳排放清单,并指出加入大气¹⁴CO₂观测可以更准确地校验碳排放清单。放射性碳同位素（ ¹⁴C）是化石源CO₂最准确的示踪剂,已被国际社会广泛推荐用于碳排放评估。文章基于大气¹⁴CO₂观测的国际发展趋势和国内的紧迫状况,建议加大支持力度,建立大气¹⁴CO₂观测网络;开展培训,统一相关标准,积极参与国际交流;尽快开展¹⁴CO₂观测与大气反演相结合的研究。以此使我国的碳排放研究水平与国际接轨,并提高碳排放数据的可靠性,进而服务国家的“双碳”目标和气候外交谈判。     

一种完美的h型指数:hT指数应用体会

由T. R. Anderson等人提出的h_T指数将全部被引频次都计算在内,但对它们采用的记分方式仍与h指数基本相同。这一新的指数优于J. E. Hirsch于2005年提出的h指数, 因为: ①从理论上说,它包含了全部的被引频次; ②它可适用于一些特殊的情况,例如只有少量高被引文章,避免出现假h指数; ③它具有较高的分辨能力等等。对 6 000多种中国学术期刊的h_T指数进行了计算,并对计算结果进行了讨论。     

中国列当属的分类及与近缘属的关系

The morphological characters in the genus Orobanche were evaluated from the taxonomic point of view.  The author finds that the plants of this genus are relatively similar to each other in respect to characters of vegetative organs, fruits and seeds.  But the differences in the floral structures can be served as a basis for delimitating infrageneric taxa.   The seed coat of 18 species and pollen grains of  6 species were also examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM). They seem to have little significance for distinguishing species.       The result supports G. Beck’s (1930) division of the genus Orobanche into 4 sections, of which 2 occur in China, based on the characters of the inflorescence, bracteoles and calyx. The author considers that some characters, such as anther hairy or not, upper lip of corolla entire or not, lower lip longer or shorter than the upper one, the state of corolla-tube inflec-  tion and the hair type of filaments and plants, are important in distinguishing Chinese species.  A key to the species of Orobanche in China is given.       This genus consists of about 100 species, and is mostly confined to Eurasia, with over 60  species found in Caucasus and Middle Asia of USSR, where may be the mordern  distribu-  tional  centre.        Orobanche L. in China is represented by 23 species, 3 varieties and l forma. As shown in  Table 1, most species (12 species) are found in Xinjiang, which clearly shows a close floristic  relationship between this region and Middle Asia of USSR.  6 species are endemic to China,  of which 4 are confined to the Hengduan Mountains  (Yangtze-Mekong-Salwin divide).        The relationships between this genus and related ones of Orobanchaceae are also discussed.  The author holds the following opinions: the genus Phelypaea Desf. should be considered as a   member of Orobanche L. Sect. Gymnocaulis G. Beck,  the monotypic genus,   Necranthus A.   Gilli endemic to Turkey, is allied with Orobanche L. Sect.  Orobanche, the monotypic genus,   Platypholis Maxim, endemic to Bonin Is. of Japan, is far from Orobanche L. in relation and   should be regarded as a separate genus.        The 11 OTU’s, including all the sections of Orobanche L. and 7 genera of Orobanchaceae,   and 15 morphological characters were used in the  numerical  taxonomic treatment  to  test  the   above-mentioned  suggestions.   After standardization of characters, the correlation matrices were   computerized.  The correlation matrices were made to test the various clustering methods.   At    last the UPGMA clustering method was chosen and its result is shown in a phenogram.  The   result of numerical analysis is basically in accordance with the suggestions.     

磁制冷材料研究中的物理问题

提出并讨论了当前磁制冷材料研究中出现的一些相关物理问题,其中 包括：在Gd₃Ga_5-XFe_XO₁₂中由于巨自旋团簇的形成而导致的有效制冷温度范围的改变,Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂中的磁化强度以及比热的模型计算,在磁热效应计算中Maxwell关系以及磁Clausius-Clapeyron方程的应用,以及重-轻稀土合金中的磁有序性质等。