教师权威的另类解读——基于雅斯贝尔斯的权威观

本真的教师权威存在于学生的内心中,它是精神性和历史性的绝对统一,意味着民主与自由,而非强权与专制。它是维持正常教学秩序,保证学校教育质量,促进学生自由发展的必要手段。因此,教师的权威非但不能丢,相反应加以积极保护和倡导。     

人与自然协调发展的哲学探析

人与自然的协调发展是人类社会发展到一定阶段必然面临的全球性问题。时此问题的探讨较多。文章从必要性、可能性、现实性等几个方面探析人与自然协调发展。     

教师权威的另类解读——基于雅斯贝尔斯的权威观

本真的教师权威存在于学生的内心中,它是精神性和历史性的绝对统一,意味着民主与自由,而非强权与专制。它是维持正常教学秩序,保证学校教育质量,促进学生自由发展的必要手段。因此,教师的权威非但不能丢,相反应加以积极保护和倡导。     

后现代主义教师权威观对现代教师权威的启示

后现代主义对于教师权威是一种批判的态度,主张消解教师权威。通过对后现代主义教师权威观的阐述,从中得出对现代教师权威的四点启示：第一,提高教师的专业权威水平;第二,转变传统的专制型教师权威,取而代之的是民主型教师权威;第三,教师要合理利用网络资源来重塑教师权威;第四,教师的权威是在法律允许的范围内实行的。     

对PBL中教师权威的思考

基于问题学习(Problem-based Learning,简称PBL)是当今颇受推崇的教学模式,在不同教育领域、不同层次的教育上得到了广泛的应用,但PBL在教学过程、教学方法、教学内容上的独特性,使教师的制度权威、个人权威面临挑战,因此,在PBL教学中教师要把教师权威由外显变为内隐,成为情境的领导者;由外在制度建构的先验性变为内在个人生成的过程性;由"技术性实践"向"反思性实践"的转变,做实践性学识的知识权威者;由制度权威、知识权威的强制变为感召权威的彰显,从而保留教师权威合理的影响力,消解教学权威对PBL教学的负面影响和表现,建构与PBL相适应的教师权威。     

“可行性”哲学范畴之辩证审视

在研究可能性与现实性的辩证关系中,我们引入了可行性的概念。"可行性"作为一个哲学范畴,既包含对可能性范畴是否符合人根本利益的价值分析,又包括对可能性向现实性转化是否具备相应条件的事实判断,它具有非常重要的理论价值和实践意义。     

试析教师权威存在的必要性

作为学生成长中的“重要他人”、“社会道德的诠释者”的教师的社会角色决定了教师权威存在的应然性,学生的社会地位决定了教师权威存在的必要性.     

马克思主义权威观及其当代启示

马克思主义认为,从理论上讲,权威可以从政治性和社会性两方面去理解,具有双重性.权威是人类社会中的一种必然现象,其政治性会随着人类社会的发展而逐渐消失,社会性会逐渐凸现.在马克思主义指导下,在当前的政治实践领域,必须首先强化政治权威,因为只有这样,才能为社会权威的成长和成熟创造条件.同时,必须积极培育和引导社会自治能力的成长和成熟.     

试论邓小平的法律权威观

法律权威观是邓小平法治思想的重要内容。邓小平精辟地论述了树立法律权威的内在要求以及党的领导与法的关系。在法律权威的内在要求问题上,他阐述了必须确立法治为根本的治国方略,反对夸大个人权威,反对人治,制约权力,坚持在法律面前人人平等的原则等观点。在党的领导与法的关系问题上,他明确提出一方面法治建设必须坚持、加强和改善党的领导,维护党的领导的权威,另一方面党又必须在宪法和法律的范围内活动,法律具有至高无上的绝对权威。     

论高校教师权威的重构——基于伽达默尔的权威观

教师权威是其完成教育教学任务、保证教学工作持续性的必要条件。然而,随着科学技术的高速发展、尤其网络时代的到来,高校教师的权威受到了来自学生和社会等多方面的挑战。从伽达默尔的权威观角度探讨我国高校教师权威的变化,能够明晰高校教师权威存在的必要性,并提出重构的对策。     

From designing artifacts to learning science: A dialectical perspective

How students come to know phenomena in terms of abstract concepts and theories through hands-on activities remains one of the open problems in science education. In this study, we develop a theory of learning science through design activities by employing a dialectical view of human activity that explicitly combines the mental and material in the same, irreducible unit of analysis. Dialectical contradictions embodied by this unit, here conceptualized as resistance experienced from a first-person perspective, constitute the inner forces that drive designing. Drawing on a large database of artifact designing constituted during a four-month unit on simple machines, we examine how resistance, in its dialectical relation to contradiction contributes to the unfolding design process and to the learning of scientific concepts and manual process skills during design. First, an inner contradiction emerges in the designers' lifeworlds as an unintended outcome or a breakdown and thereby changes the perceived world of a designer collective. Second, the dialectic of contradiction and resistance realized in this manner constitutes a moment unfolding culture of science in its concrete form embodied in individual designers and therefore contributes to the production and reproduction of culture. We conclude with a reflection on the implications our study makes to a non-dualist view of knowing and learning. SungWon Hwang is a research fellow of Science Education Research Center at Hanyang University in Korea. She received her Ph.D. from Seoul National University in 2002 and conducted her postdoctoral research at the University of Victoria. Her research projects are focused on the dialectical, embodied nature of human practice, learning, and identity in science activities, recently in the situation of crossing the boundaries of culture and language. She is a co-author of the book, Participation, Learning, and Identity: Dialectical perspectives (Lehmanns, 2005) with Wolff-Michael Roth, Yew Jin Lee, and Maria Ines M. Goulart. Wolff-Michael Roth is Lansdowne Professor of Applied Cognitive Science at the University of Victoria. His research focuses on knowing and learning science and mathematics across the lifespan and from kindergarten to professional practice. His recent publications include Toward an Anthropology of Graphing: Semiotic and Activity Theoretical Perspectives (Kluwer, 2003), Talking Science: Language and Learning in Science Laboratories (Rowman & Littlefield, 2005), Doing Qualitative Research: Praxis of Method (SensePublishers, 2005), Learning Science: A Singular Plural Perspective (SensePublishers, 2006), and, with A. C. Barton, Rethinking Scientific Literacy (Routledge, 2004).     

智慧城市理念与未来城市发展

“智慧城市”(Smart City)从最初的海外概念,逐步成为中国城市建设的重要政策理念和实践载体。基于政策话语视角,刻画中国智慧城市建设不同阶段多元主体的话语特征及其结构,分析智慧城市“海外概念—政策理念—政策实践”的政策话语演化过程发现,智慧城市从概念引入到全国铺开,呈现为三个阶段：智慧城市“概念导入阶段”,地方政府与相关企业组成政策话语联盟,建设智慧城市必要性与合理性的话语初步形成;智慧城市“探索实践阶段”,各主体对如何建设智慧城市,形成具有不同设想的话语分流;智慧城市“全面发展阶段”,智慧城市成为国家战略后,各主体关于智慧城市的话语开始走向合流。从微观话语互动到宏观政策形成的分析视角,考察智慧城市从概念到实践的政策话语过程,有助于理解中国央地关系背景下的政策过程与特点。     

Counselling as a dialectical process

This paper attempts to merge the dialectical perspective within the framework of counselling psychology. Both objective and subjective approaches to counselling are reviewed and a synthetical solution is proposed which falls within the all-encompassing dialectical perspective. Dialectical psychology's emphasis on process, change and values is seen as having implications for research (e.g., biographical or historical) and practice (e.g., eclectic counselling).     

Primary humanities: a perspective from Wales

ABSTRACT

How the humanities subjects are represented in primary schools in Wales has been influenced by curriculum developments including Curriculum Cymraeg, the Skills Framework and the Foundation Phase. A central tenet of Welsh Government policy has been to actively encourage schools to promote a sense of ‘Welshness’ through curriculum content, pedagogies and school policies. In addition, early years’ education has been extended to 5–7-year olds and at Key Stage 2 skills and competencies are priorities, with subject content providing the context for learning. In 2015, the Donaldson Review’s recommendations were fully implemented in the Government’s plans for a new 3–16 Curriculum for Wales to be fully implemented by 2021. Humanities became one of six Areas of Learning and Experience (AoLE) with the curriculum content to be developed by an all-Wales partnership team which includes the Pioneer Schools’ network. This article traces the post devolution build-up to this latest ‘radical change’. It suggests that for stakeholders developing the humanities curriculum the challenge will be considering how the key concepts of different ‘subject pedagogies’ are represented, while fulfilling the Government’s emphasis on early years’ pedagogy and its focus on a competency-led curriculum.     

Authority and Authority Relations in Mathematics Education: A View from an 8th Grade Classroom

Compared to studies in general education, authority has received little attention in mathematics education, despite an increasing interest in sociological perspectives in mathematics classroom research. The subject of authority is particularly important in mathematics education, on the one hand, because of the immense authority mathematics itself seems to possess and pass on to its practitioners, but also, on the other hand, because of the anti-authoritarianism present, to some degree, in many trends in mathematics education such as cooperative learning approaches and constructivist pedagogies. Such an anti-authoritarian stance appears justified by data from an 8th grade mathematics classroom (supplemented with data from a second 8th grade classroom) which suggest that teachers possess immense authority in the eyes of the students and that this and other authority relations are strongly evident in the students non-reflective ways of interacting not only with their teachers but also among themselves. However, theoretical considerations on authority show that the problem may not be authority per se but the way one conceives the notion of authority, that there exist kinds of authority, such as Bennes anthropogogical authority, which can encourage reflective and also fruitful collaborative work.     

从权威主义到权威:为教师权威辩护

在教育过程中,教师权威时常和权威主义混淆在一起."民主"、"自由"以及"平等"等教育理念也将矛头指向教师权威.实质上,教师权威总是作为权威主义的"替罪羊"存在,权威主义才是教育过程中的真正敌人.相反,教师权威有其存在的合理性与合法性.从权威主义到教师权威,是为教师权威正名的过程,也是对教师权威重建的过程.     

Higher education from massification to universal access: a perspective from Japan

Though Japan has established one the largest higher education systems in Asia much earlier than most of the other Asian countries and some European countries, including the UK, Germany and France, except for a very few Japanese books and articles, little research has been published in Japan on this topic. This article will address the research question: how did Japan’s higher education shift from massification, through to post-massification and, now, to near universal access? By examining the changes in the enrollment in Japan’s higher education based on quantitative analysis, the article will provide an example of how an Asian country had experienced different stages of the growth in enrollments in higher education. Moreover, it is also argued that the major findings from Japan’s case study are not necessarily consistent with the definition of the three-stage linear changes in higher education enrollment by Martin Trow.     

Teacher Authority in Schools: A case study from Finland

This paper discusses the nature of teacher authority in Finnish schools. Current trends in Finnish teacher education are presented with an emphasis on the high academic status of teachers. The empirical findings examine moral dilemmas in schools as identified by teachers and students. The methods of the study include interviews and essays. The analysis of the data reveals that the most problematic conflicts in schools are related to teacher-given punishment. The teachers have failed in practising their deontic authority. Teachers' behaviour has included manipulative means to control life in the classroom. The results of the study indicate that moral dilemmas in schools and the nature of teacher authority in solving these conflicts should be addressed more in pre-service teacher education.     

Illuminating a dialectical transformative activist stance in education

In this essay I comment on Stetsenko’s (2008) essay that draws together the work of Vygotsky, Piaget and Dewey, as she attempts to counter the ‘new’ reductionist synthesis in public educational policy. While this theoretical work is helpful, it could be enhanced further by illuminating everyday practices of learners. I pose some questions that might provoke ongoing discussions by researchers as they transform collaboratively cultural–historical activity theory.