全球气候治理新变局与中国战略选择

应对气候变化将引发全球发展观念、发展模式、发展路径和社会文明形态的根本性变革,并在很大程度上重塑世界政治、经济和科技竞争格局。随着全球气候治理赤字的进一步扩大,全球气候治理呈现出一些新变局：气候变化与地缘政治相互渗透、互相嵌入,形成了动态的互动格局;发达国家将气候政策和国际贸易政策进行融合,气候政策的武器化趋势明显;发达国家和发展中国家的利益诉求分野扩大,国际气候政治博弈的南北阵营化趋势再一次加剧;全球气候治理的多主体、多层级趋势进一步凸显,深刻影响了全球气候治理的价值取向。应对气候变化是我国可持续发展的内在要求,是推动构建人类命运共同体的责任担当,中国需要根据全球气候治理的新变局做出战略选择。     

全球气候治理的联盟冲突与政策学习

全球气候治理中的联盟冲突及联盟间共享信念引发的政策学习对全球气候治理规范的建立具有重要意义。由核心层、辅助层和影响层组成了互动的跨联盟网络,系统内各主体通过沟通、协调和妥协达成共识与合作,为跨联盟政策学习建立长效运行机制。核心层政策学习,建立有效的履约与合作机制;辅助层政策学习,建立高效的协调与反馈机制;影响层政策学习,建立交互式认知与传播机制。     

提升新高考背景下气候专题复习的有效性

一、气候成因的归类与比较 形成气候的因素涉及太阳辐射、大气环流、地形（海拔）、海陆分布（洋流）、人类活动等（图1）。在气候形成的诸多要素中,太阳辐射与大气环流是最基本的因素,是气候形成的内因,它们直接控制和决定着气候的形成,而下垫面等则是气候形成的外界条件,即地面状况的不同是通过改变太阳辐射和大气环流对气候发生影响。     

历史大事件与气候的关系

历史大事件与气候的关系王晶译喻京校一听说气候可以改变历史，有些历史学家会回答说不可能有那样的事，因为历史是人创造的。历史学家认为：气候出现轻微的变化是改变不了人类历史的，因为人类可用智慧和技术加以制止。气候的变化大体上是以千、万年为单位缓慢地进行的，...     

运用联系法学习高中地理知识

一、横向联系1.在人文地理知识中,运用横向联系分析人类活动与气候的关系。气候影响人类活动,使工农业、城建、交通工程、水利建设等受制于气候。人类活动则通过改变局部地区的地面状况,来影响或改变局部地区的气候,如植树造林、修水库等就是通过人类活动来改善气候的重要途径;相反,毁林开荒、乱砍滥伐则会使气候恶化,进而影响环境,使人类越来越难以在环境中生存下去,更谈不上继续发展了。所以,人类活动要遵循自然界的客观规律,从而造就更有利于人类社会不断发展、进步的环境。2.根据地理事物空间关系的横向联系分析区域差异。水能的丰歉程…     

高考作文命题的特点

今年高考作文命题的正标题是:树木·森林·气候。为了使考生准确理解与把握题意,试卷上有一段提示性文字: 一棵树不能改变气候,只有森林才能改变气候,而形成一片森林又需要一定的条件。如果温度、湿度适宜,树木就迅速生长     

全球气候变化问题的视点:中国和美国

就中国在国际气候变化协议中的位置、中国怎样减少CO2排放、有关碳交易的制度建设、中国在国际碳交易市场中扮演的角色和气候变化协定中的重要性进行了探讨,介绍了美国正在运行的气候法案的主要内容,并提出了中国目前的气候政策和碳交易市场发展中存在的问题,在国际气候大环境中和美国进行了分析对比。     

从高考生的呼吁谈起——兼及《失踪的女中学生》

这几年我有机会参加高考语文试卷的阅卷工作,那些青年学生谈思想、谈学习、谈人生的充满真情实感的作文,每次都给我以激励、启发和思索。去年高考作文题目是《树木·森林·气候》还有一段附言:一棵树木不能改变气候,只有森林才能改变气候,而形成一片森林又需要一定条件。如果温度、湿度适宜,树木就迅速生长起来,形成茂密的森林。这里说的是一     

非国家行为体在全球气候治理中的作用

1980年代以来,随着气候问题逐渐被列入全球政治议程,及其全球治理的深入展开,非国家行为体开始成为国家主导的全球气候治理秩序中的一个不可或缺的重要元素。本文详细审视和分析了国际组织、非政府组织和跨国公司这三类最重要的非国家行为体在全球气候治理中的作用。从形塑气候理念到建立全球气候治理制度,它们在国家和国际层面上都能发挥重要作用。通过影响个体国家的气候谈判立场和政策,它们能对全球气候治理进程施加重要影响,而且影响既可能是积极的,也可能是消极的。因此,如能恰当利用它们的作用,将会很好地增强国家治理气候的能力。     

走出“全球气候变化”的四个误区

误区一:全球气候变化就是全球气候变暖 全球气候变化是指在全球范围内,气候平均状态在统计学意义上的巨大改变或者持续较长一段时间的气候变动,主要表现为不同时间尺度的冷暖和干湿变化.一般来说,其包括三个方面:全球气候变暖、酸雨、臭氧层破坏.其中,因为全球气候变暖对人类已经产生了极大的负面影响而备受关注.所以,全球气候变化不仅仅是气候变暖,但气候变暖无疑是全球气候变化最显著的表现.     

School Climate: a Review of the Construct,Measurement, and Impact on Student Outcomes

The construct of school climate has received attention as a way to enhance student achievement and reduce problem behaviors. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the existing literature on school climate and to bring to light the strengths, weakness, and gaps in the ways researchers have approached the construct. The central information in this article is organized into five sections. In the first, we describe the theoretical frameworks to support the multidimensionality of school climate and how school climate impacts student outcomes. In the second, we provide a breakdown of the four domains that make up school climate, including academic, community, safety, and institutional environment. In the third, we examine research on the outcomes of school climate. In the fourth, we outline the measurement and analytic methods of the construct of school climate. Finally, we summarize the strengths and limitations of the current work on school climate and make suggestions for future research directions.     

School Climate,School Improvement and Site-based Management

This article examines the relationship between school organisational climate and the school's preparedness to undertake restructuring and improvement. Over the last two decades, much research into school improvement and effectiveness has indicated the importance of school climate for a school's efforts to change. For school-level personnel, an understanding of the nature of the prevailing climate would seem valuable in determining the school's willingness and capacity to embark on school improvement initiatives and to evaluate the impact that such initiatives have on the nature of the school's climate. The research reported here was conducted in three phases. The first phase involved the assessment of the prevailing organisational climate in 30 secondary schools drawn from three State education systems in Australia. The second phase involved analysing and documenting the principles and school-level process associated with the establishment of site-based management in the three State education systems. The third phase sought teachers' perceptions about the impact of site-based management on school improvement planning, collaboration and curriculum leadership, and classroom practices. The research indicated the existence of an important relationship between organisational climate and the school's capacity to implement and sustain authentic site-based management. Where the prevailing organisational climate is negative, tailored ‘front-end’ strategies designed to improve the climate might be undertaken prior to the school embarking on substantial school improvement initiatives. Finally, assessing organisational climate can provide information about a school's preparedness to undertake change, and a re-assessment of climate following a change initiative can provide evaluative data about the extent of change within the school. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The influence of instruction,prior knowledge,and values on climate change risk perception among undergraduates

We evaluated influences on the climate change risk perceptions of undergraduate students in an introductory Earth Science course. For this sample, domain‐specific content knowledge about climate change was a significant predictor of students' risk perception of climate change while cultural worldviews (individualism, hierarchy) and political orientation were not. These results contrast with previous studies highlighting worldviews as a dominant influence on risk perception. At the beginning of the semester, students' climate change content knowledge was relatively low, with average scores on a 21‐item test less than 50%. Post instruction results indicated that students learned climate change science during the course, and their perceptions of risks associated with climate change increased. Unlike most prior research evaluating links between climate change knowledge and risk perception, our measure of content knowledge was a validated assessment specific to climate change. Use of this specific climate knowledge test may be one reason that we detected a relationship between climate knowledge and risk perception whereas most of the previous research has not. Another—possibly complementary—explanation may be a generational shift between our study sample and prior samples. Undergraduates today, having grown up with more exposure to climate change in schools and the media than previous generations, may be diverging from average adults in that learning climate science appears to also increase their perceptions of the risks climate change poses. Undergraduate courses with embedded climate‐related activities present an opportunity to both increase climate science knowledge and risk perceptions of future decision makers.     

Teacher feedback,disciplinary climate,student self-concept,and reading achievement:A multilevel moderated mediation model

Research has confirmed the importance of teacher feedback on student learning. The mechanism of how they are related, however, is not clear enough. In this study, we explored this relation with 60,501 fifteen-year-old students from collectivistic and individualistic cultures in PISA 2018. Importantly, we examined the possible mediating role of reading self-concept and the moderating role of disciplinary climate at both student level and school level in multi-level structural equation models (MSEM). Results demonstrated that the association between teacher feedback and reading achievement was significantly mediated via reading self-concept at student level across cultures, and this indirect effect was significant irrespective of the disciplinary climate level. Moreover, results showed that a positive disciplinary climate would facilitate the building of students’ reading self-concept which subsequently would enhance their reading achievement at school level. This study has important theoretical, practical, cross-cultural, and methodological implications for teacher feedback research and student learning.     

学校组织创新气氛、教师教学效能感与教师教学创新的关系研究

学校组织创新气氛、教师教学效能感和教师教学创新的关系对学校整体教育质量的提高有着重要的影响。通过问卷调查法,考察影响教师教学创新的学校因素和教师个体因素,其中,学校因素重点考察学校组织创新气氛,教师个人因素重点考察教师的教学效能感,得出如下结论:学校组织创新气氛、教师教学效能感及教师教学创新相互之间显著正相关;教师教学效能感在学校组织创新气氛和教师教学创新间起着部分中介作用。     

Prospective Primary Teachers' Understanding of Climate Change, Greenhouse Effect, and Ozone Layer Depletion

Climate change is one of the most serious global environmental problems and for that reason there has been lately a great interest in educating pupils, the future citizens, about it. Previous research has shown that pupils of all ages and teachers hold many misconceptions and misunderstandings concerning this issue. This paper reports on research concerning student teachers' perceptions about aspects of climate change as well as about greenhouse effect and ozone layer depletion. The aim of this research is to take findings into account for teaching student teachers about these issues. An open-ended questionnaire was used in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of their thought. From their answers it appeared that these students believe that climate change is under way and base their beliefs on their own experience. They are unaware of the proper actions to be taken for slowing down the climate change, they also hold the misconception that ozone depletion, acid rain, and pollution in general are conducive to climate change. They confuse greenhouse effect with ozone depletion as far as the mechanisms through which they occur is concerned and the causal compounds. By taking into account these research findings the possible implications for teaching are discussed and some suggestions for more effective teaching are made.     

The building of knowledge,language, and decision-making about climate change science: a cross-national program for secondary students

The United Nations’ declaration on climate change education in December 2014 has sparked a renewal of policies and programs initiated during the ‘Decade of Education for Sustainable Development’ (DESD, 2005–2014), aimed at promoting awareness, understanding, and civic action for environmental sustainability within learning communities all around the world. We present findings from a dialogic, multimodal, and literacies-based educational project designed to provide secondary students (N?=?141) from four countries with the resources to read about and discuss evidence regarding climate change from seminal studies with peers and a core group of scientists (N?=?7). Post-program interviews revealed a significant increase in language use related to evidence-based reasoning. Students also demonstrated an increased propensity to recycle. These findings support the hypothesis that providing opportunities for students to read and discuss seminal scientific sources incites positive changes in beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors related to climate change and climate science, and understandings of the nature of scientific evidence and argumentation.     

美国K-12学校氛围改进:重点、标准及实施策略

为促进学生的学业与情感发展,长期以来美国政府十分重视K-12学校的氛围改进,重点强调在学校氛围塑造中教师、学生和家庭的参与,学生生理和情感安全的保障以及学校及周边环境的建设等几个方面.美国政府设定共享愿景和积极计划,制定系统、个性化和可测量的学生发展促进策略,识别、优先支持相关实践,创造欢迎、支持和安全的环境,形成富有意义和吸引力的实践、活动、规范等学校氛围改进标准.此外,政府加强对学校氛围改进的拨款,将学校氛围纳入学校质量标准,制定专门的学校氛围标准,加强学校氛围评估及对学校氛围改进予以资源与技术支持.     

Climate Change Professional Development: Design,Implementation, and Initial Outcomes on Teacher Learning,Practice, and Student Beliefs

In this work, we present the design, implementation, and initial outcomes of the Climate Academy, a hybrid professional development program delivered through a combination of face-to-face and online interactions, intended to prepare formal and informal science teachers (grades 5–16) in teaching about climate change. The Climate Academy was designed around core elements of successful environmental professional development programs and aligned with practices advocated in benchmarked science standards. Data were collected from multiple sources including observations of professional development events, participants’ reflections on their learning, and collection of instructional units designed during the Academy. Data were also collected from a focal case study teacher in a middle school setting. Case study data included classroom observations, teacher interviews, and student beliefs toward climate change. Results indicated that the Climate Academy fostered increased learning among participants of both climate science content and pedagogical strategies for teaching about climate change. Additionally, results indicated that participants applied their new learning in the design of climate change instructional units. Finally, results from the case study indicated positive impacts on student beliefs and greater awareness about climate change. Results have implications for the design of professional development programs on climate change, a topic included for the first time in national standards.     

Employees as customers: Exploring service climate,employee patronage,and turnover

The role of retail employees as customers was explored by quantitatively examining the influence of service climate and employee patronage on employee turnover intentions. Employees representing all shifts in two stores of a national retailer participated. Results indicated that employee patronage partially mediates the effects of service climate on employee turnover intentions. The findings suggest that employee patronage is a highly relevant organizational concept that warrants additional study. Practitioners may apply these findings in developing management and supervision training programs and designing employee selection and retention programs. Researchers may incorporate the variable of patronage when studying populations where employees can be external customers. Future research is necessary because the concept of employee patronage has not been adequately studied.