Reflective judgment and enlarged thinking online

This paper deals with forms of communication aiming at a better informed public or publics. The main idea is that democratic societies are dependent on toleration of a plurality of publics, and simultaneously there is a need for communication between the different publics. The ethos underlying this assumption is that democracy requires a transcendence of subjective conditions in order for the public(s) to gain legitimacy and recognition of opinions. Validity of opinions presupposes a public aspect that is available through communication. More specifically, the validity in question is obtained through its claim on universality – i.e. the transcendence of purely private subjective conditions. This kind of validity is found in reflective judgment or enlarged thinking, as displayed in Kant’s third critique. In the last part of the paper it is discussed how new information technologies and the internet may contribute positively to facilitate modes of communication that are associated with the particularity at work in reflective thinking. Storytelling technologies and virtual realities are of particular interest in envisaging how this might work.     

走向有效的公众参与科学——论科学传播“民主模型”的困境与知识分工的解决方案

科学传播中公众参与科学的民主模型是通过政治想象翻译成协商民主来实现的。过去二十年中,虽然公众参与科学无论在理论还是实践上都取得了巨大成就,但也面临着与公共政策中决策科学化与民主化相同的两难困境,使公众参与科学流于表面。这一困境产生的原因在于缺乏自我反省的体制化科学异化公众,进而导致在协商过程中科学家与公众政治地位不平等。实际上,科学家与公众拥有不同类型的知识,关注科学风险的不同维度。通过知识的劳动分工,公众负责决定目标,科学家负责实现目标,可以走向真正有效的公众参与科学。     

Science in the everyday world: Why perspectives from the history of science matter

The history of science is more than the history of scientists. This essay argues that various modem "publics" should be counted as belonging within an enlarged vision of who constitutes the "scientific community"--and describes how the history of science could be important for understanding their experiences. It gives three examples of how natural knowledge-making happens in vernacular contexts: Victorian Britain's publishing experiments in "popular science" as effective literary strategies for communicating to lay and specialist readers; twentieth-century American science museums as important and contested sites for conveying both scientific ideas and ideas about scientific practice; and contemporary mass-mediated images of the "ideal" scientist as providing counternarratives to received professional scientific norms. Finally, it suggests how humanistic knowledge might help both scientists and historians grapple more effectively with contemporary challenges presented by science in public spheres. By studying the making and elaboration of scientific knowledge within popular culture, historians of science can provide substantively grounded insights into the relations between the public and professionals.     

The (co-)production of public uncertainty: UK scientific advice on mobile phone health risks

UK scientific advice on the possible health risks of mobile phones has embraced (or seems to be embracing) broader engagement with interested non-experts. This paper explains the context of lost credibility that made such a development necessary, and the implications of greater engagement for the construction (and expert control) of "public concern." I narrate how scientific advice matured from an approach based on compliance with guidelines to a style of "public science" in which issues such as trust and democracy were intertwined with scientific risk assessment. This paper develops existing conceptions of the "public understanding of science" with an explanation based around the co-production of scientific and social order. Using a narrative drawn from a series of in-depth interviews with scientists and policymakers, I explain how expert reformulation of the state of scientific uncertainty within a public controversy reveals constructions of "The Public," and the desired extent of their engagement. Constructions of the public changed at the same time as a construction of uncertainty as solely an expert concern was molded into a state of politically workable public uncertainty. This paper demonstrates how publics can be constructed as instruments of credible policymaking, and suggests the potential for public alienation if nonexperts feel they have not been fairly represented.     

基于计量分析的我国人文社科创新团队群体特征研究

人文社科的繁荣发展有助于解决经济社会发展的重大理论和现实问题。人文社科创新团队是人文社科研究的重要组织形式,但目前我国对人文社科创新团队的支持和关注较少,对其群体特征及其属性缺乏深入探讨。选取国家自然基金委创新研究群体和教育部创新团队的人文社科团队为样本群,采用文献计量分析,考察团队负责人及所在单位的基本情况,试图揭示我国人文社科创新团队的群体特征、运行规律及存在问题。     

The 'art' and 'science' of handcrafting cheese in the United States

Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in the United States, this article demonstrates how American cheesemakers articulate the work of handcrafting cheese as a balance of 'art' and 'science', where art refers to aesthetic creativity and an intuitive ability to interpret observable conditions as a guide for contingent practice, while science refers to the accurate measuring of those conditions as well as meticulous record-keeping and hygiene. Artisanship thus entails a blend of subjective and objective practice and accounting, characterized here as the application of synaesthetic reason. Mutually defining, art and science in the crafting of cheese are far from mutually exclusive. And both are embedded in larger cultural contexts. Artisanship must also acknowledge market-based tastes and cultural understandings of acceptable form.     

公众科普信息需求调查与对策研究——以重庆地区为例

科普工作是提高全民族科学文化素质的重要举措,科普工作要取得好的效果,必须了解公众的真实需求,根据需求开展有针对性的活动。论文以重庆地区为例,分类调查了大学生、中小学生、普通公众的科普信息需求。调查发现,公众当前参与科普活动的目的偏于实际,参与程度不一,但参与意愿强烈;公众对当前科普活动满意度有待提高;三类调查对象在信息需求内容、信息获取途径、活动形式偏好、活动地点偏好等方面有各自的特点。通过对比分析,指出当前科普活动应该加强网络等新媒体科普宣传、做好深入细致的科普信息需求调查、加强科普场馆建设以及强化大学生科普工作。     

公安科普的理论、策略和实践研究

公安科普是科普社会化体系的重要组成部分,加强公安科普工作是时代的召唤,是提升公安机关三项建设能力、科学决策能力和文化软实力的需要;公安科普需要力求及时性、全面性、艺术性、先进性,创新"应急科普"、"问计科普"、"授渔科普";公安科普的有效途径是建立有效的运行机制,实施公安科普重大行动,打造电视、网络等传媒平台,借助社会科普阵地和资源,推进公安科普场馆等阵地建设,加强公安科普的队伍建设,积极开展国际交流与合作等.     

"... a certain amount of engineering involved": constructing the public in participatory governance arrangements

This paper argues that it is time for public understanding of science to develop a critical inventory of the forms, formats and methods of public participation and their respective implications and ambiguities. It highlights the need for analysing not only the limitations and deficiencies of participatory arrangements but also their constructive dimension, in particular the construction of the subject of participation. Looking into participatory governance arrangements in the issue area of genetic testing in Germany and the UK the paper presents a typology of formats according to the way the respective public is constructed and identifies four major constructions of publics: the general public, the pure public, the affected public and the partisan public. Each of these enables certain speaking positions while foreclosing others. The study shows that the main purposes of participatory arrangements in this issue area are knowledge production and education rather than political deliberation and decision-making.     

Edward B. Aveling: the people's Darwin

By the late-19th century, evolutionary theory, known by most people as Darwinism, had earned a reputation as an atheistic theory that challenged religious orthodoxy. From recent historical work we now know a great deal about how those with religious convictions received Darwinian ideas, and the role that professional scientists played in styling and communicating 'Darwinism' to the wider public and between themselves. However, relatively little is known about how Darwinian ideas were received and used by avowedly irreligious groups, and how these groups set about communicating their own version of Darwinism to a public hungry for cheap and accessible science. The activities of the Secularist Edward Bibbins Aveling, a prolific popularizer of Darwinian ideas in the late-19th century, offer a unique insight into this relatively uncharted territory. His work helped to develop the polemic of popular irreligious groups and imbue Darwinism with overtly atheistic connotations; it also engendered unprecedented support for atheism from the general public, and challenged the monopoly that some professional scientists enjoyed over imparting serious scientific knowledge to them.     

研发主管辱虐管理总是抑制员工工作重塑吗？ ——一个被调节的双路径模型

对于压力情境下普遍存在的辱虐管理,基于“工作重塑”概念的最新发展,研究研发主管辱虐管理抑制或激发员工工作重塑的内部机理与边界。基于情境调节焦点与资源保存理论,采取网络问卷填写方式,在3个时间点收集331份高科技企业员工样本数据进行层次回归与Bootstrap分析,结果表明：研发主管辱虐管理倒“U”型影响员工促进定向工作重塑,正向影响员工防御定向工作重塑;情境促进聚焦部分中介研发主管辱虐管理对员工促进定向工作重塑的倒“U”型影响,情境防御聚焦完全中介研发主管辱虐管理对员工防御定向工作重塑的正向影响;核心自我评价调节研发主管辱虐管理对员工促进/防御定向工作重塑的影响,并同时调节情境促进/防御聚焦的中介作用。根据研究结论,提出要有效把握好辱虐管理的度,将其尽可能地控制在挑战性水平,针对核心自我评价不同的研发人员作出不同的调整,充分发挥其鞭策作用。     

试论科学学派的社会运行

作为一种科学社会组织形式,科学学派的成功在很大程度上源于其社会运行的独特性和有效性。科学学派的社会运行,要求社会为其创造适宜的文化环境,提供必要的物质基础,以保证其科学思想的自由和科学活动的自由;同时要求科学学派建立充满活力的自主结构,以增强其社会运行的自身能力。这样,科学学派方能以大学、研究所、实验室等为基地,以科学期刊、著述为舆论领地,以学术会议为桥梁纽带,以讨论班、报告会、自由交谈等为有效的活动方式,积极参与科学的交流、合作与竞争,并在其中发展壮大。     

公安情报学与情报学的关系研究

关于公安情报学与情报学的关系学术界存在两种截然相反的观点:一是公安情报学是情报学的分支学科;二是公安情报学与情报学无从属关系,公安情报学应完全脱离情报学进行专业建设。文章从学科名称、产生背景、历史渊源、研究对象、研究内容、学科定位、学科重点、实践工作、方法技术、基础学科与学科建制等多方面对两者异同与关系作了分析,据此指出:两种观点各有其合理性,但也有失偏颇,公安情报学与情报学关系密切亦有较大区别,公安情报学不宜作为情报学的分支学科而应作为公安学的分支学科进行建设,但也不能完全脱离情报学,情报学是公安情报学重要的基础学科。     

Rhetoric, power and legitimacy: a critical analysis of the public policy disputes surrounding stem cell research in Australia (2005-6)

In December 2006, the Australian Parliament liberalized regulation governing stem cell research. This decision and preceding legislative review generated considerable public debate, which centred on objections to the deliberate creation and destruction of human embryos for research purposes. This paper draws on qualitative research conducted on the public debate surrounding this policy episode. The aim of this research was to examine how science and scientific knowledge are mobilized by participants in these debates to support their arguments. Data were collected from 109 newspaper opinion editorials as well as 23 in-depth interviews and examined using qualitative content and thematic analysis. Results of this analysis depict science as a rhetorical, moral and political resource that provides opportunities for participants to gain legitimacy, negotiate meaning and assert authority in the public domain. The mobilization of science in public discourse is discussed along with suggestions that are aimed at encouraging greater transparency and inclusiveness in public debates around contested science and emergent technologies.     

引入公众评价的公共服务外包质量控制研究——基于双重契约的视角

通过引入公众评价建立公共服务外包质量控制模型,促使政府和接包方企业投入更多的监督成本和预防成本,在此基础上得出最优的价格扣除系数作为对接包方企业的激励措施,为公共服务外包中政府契约设计提供理论参考。     

地方财政科技支出绩效评价指标体系构建及其实施

本文从地方财政科技支出绩效目标出发，把握地方财政科技支出绩效评价指标取向定位，从系统理论观点设计该绩效评价系统模型，围绕地方财政科技支出项目特征确定基本原则，在此基础上构建三类评价指标体系。并对指标体系的实施从系统的构成和流程进行设置。     

社会公益性重大科技项目的组织管理模式

在研究社会公益性重大科技项目及其管理的相关理论,总结国内社会公益性重大科技项目管理实践的基础上,采用案例分析的方法,通过总结多个典型项目的组织管理经验,提出社会公益性重大科技项目组织管理模式.为社会公益性重大科技项目的科学有效管理提供一个理论框架与模式借鉴,为科技项目组织管理者提供管理恩路和决策工具.     

Public perception of evolution and the rise of evolutionary psychology in Finland

In this paper we analyse the media debate in Finland that began after the publication in Science of a survey on the public acceptance of evolution. According to the results Finland ranked 17th among 34 countries. This was unexpected in a secular high tech nation with a consistent top performance in international comparative surveys on public education. We trace the main arguments in this debate in relation to previous studies on the public understanding of science and argue that newspaper claims of declining acceptance of evolutionism in Finland were based on rather ambivalent data. Furthermore, in the debate, evolutionary theory became a metonymy for science in society. The results published in Science provided a platform for a critique of religion and alternative movements, something quite uncommon in Finnish media. Finally, the debate was taken as an opportunity to promote evolutionary psychology as a legitimate social science.     

突发事件的公众信息认知与传播现状调查与分析

本文通过问卷调查的方式,对突发事件的公众信息认知、公众信息获取途径、公众危机信息教育方式及满意度评价,以及危机爆发期的公众信息需求和现实期望等展开调查,并在大量实证调查数据的基础上对突发事件的公众信息认知与传播现状进行了简要的分析。