国际贸易中的知识产权保护问题

国际经济的多元化和高技术领域的日新月异,使国际贸易从最初的货物贸易向技术贸易和服务贸易的方向发展.世界上主要的发达国家的技术贸易在其整个的出口贸易中所占的比例正不断的呈上升趋势,美国、日本、荷兰等国几乎各占三分之一.随着技术贸易在国际贸易中所占的比重不断增大,其重要性也逐渐被各国认识,因此,我国要想在全球经济中站稳脚步,就不得不加大对技术贸易的投入.由于技术贸易许多都涉及知识产权的问题,因此知识产权本身也就成为国际贸易的对象之一.     

知识产权：国际贸易的核心要素――中美经贸摩擦的启示

围绕知识产权与国际贸易的关系,梳理美国在其国内法中将二者挂钩、将其国内法的内容植入到国际条约之中,再推行新一轮的贸易保护措施,以及强化知识产权保护等整个过程,从而把握知识产权逐步成为国际贸易核心要素和重要竞争工具的发展趋势。在这一前提之下,重点分析中美之间过去和现在的经贸摩擦与知识产权争端,借鉴国外经验,结合中国特色,提出未来知识产权应对之策与发展路径。     

日美贸易摩擦中知识产权的作用及其对我国的启示

在世界经济的十字路口,贸易保护和单边主义蔓延,美国为维护其经济地位而故意挑起贸易争端。知识产权是国际贸易的重要内容,通过研究日美贸易摩擦中的知识产权因素可以为当前中国应对中美经贸摩擦提供参考。文章对日美贸易摩擦进行了回顾,总结了日美贸易摩擦中的知识产权因素,指出知识产权是国际贸易摩擦的引爆剂和管理国际贸易的重要工具,知识产权政策是国际政治经济格局的国内反应,在此基础上提出了对我国的启示。     

中国国际贸易应从科技兴贸战略向创新强贸战略转变——谈国际贸易知识化趋势下我国对外贸易发展的战略选择

随着知识经济的发展,国际贸易呈现出知识化的发展趋势.我国的对外贸易在国际贸易知识化发展中还存在着自主创新能力不强、服务贸易发展滞后、知识贸易发展缓慢、知识产权意识淡薄等问题.在国际贸易知识化趋势下,我国的国际贸易必须从科技兴贸战略向创新强贸战略转变,促进我国对外贸易的持续健康发展.     

TRIPS与我国新旧知识产权法律制度的比较

在WTO中知识产权占有极其重要的作用，它与货物贸易．服务贸易共同构成世界贸易组织的三大支柱，而《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》（Agreement on Trade-Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights，简称TRIPS）的产生则使得知识产权和国际贸易紧密地结合起来，既体现了国际贸易在知识经济时代的发展，又加强了知识产权保护的国际化，对知识产权的保护产生了深远的影响。从整体上看，TRIPS是当前世界范围内知识产权保护领域中涉及面广、保护水平高、保护力度大、制约力强的一个国际公约，因此被有的学者授予“经济联合国宪章”的美誉。     

我国知识产权人才问题分析

随着全球从产品贸易国际化转型到知识产权保护型的全球经济一体化过程中,要使自己应有的利益得到充分的保护,势必要有一个最基本的力量来支撑这一战略的实现,那就是知识产权的力量,而这力量又需要知识产权人才来保证。那么我国的知识产权人才队伍的现状如何?是否符合我国国情的需要呢?1、因为人才,我国知识产权保护在世界上处于被动的状态国际贸易正从货物贸易向服务贸易和知识产权贸易的重心转移,而中国对知识产权贸易的国际规则还是处在被动接受的阶段,还没有真正掌握这个制度。从入世后近两年的实践看,由于整个社会各个领域知识产权人才…     

基于经济全球化的知识产权与国际贸易发展关联研究

通过对全球化背景下国际贸易发展的特征分析,采用专利申请总量、世界GDP总量及服务贸易总额三个参数分析知识产权与国际贸易发展的关联关系,运用1990-2005三个参数的实际动态序列,构建知识产权与国际贸易发展多元线性回归模型、并对该模型进行参数估计和检验,定量分析和研究知识产权与国际贸易发展的相互关系,结果表明知识产权与国际贸易发展成正相关。在此基础上结合我国国际贸易的实际,提出推进我国企业在国际贸易中实施知识产权管理的对策。     

中国企业面向中亚国家贸易的知识产权保护困境与对策分析

随着知识产权的日益商品化,无论货物贸易产品、服务贸易还是以专利技术、商标为主要客体的转让和许可贸易,都与知识产权息息相关。在"丝绸之路经济带"建设中,在技术交易、跨国并购、研发投资等重大经济活动中均可能涉及知识产权交易、知识产权保护、知识产权诉讼、知识产权鉴定和评估等方面问题。因此,为推动与中亚国家间的国际贸易,应认知"丝绸之路经济带"建设中知识产权贸易困境,重视面向中亚国家的知识产权贸易对策。     

中国知识产权国际贸易的组态路径与提升策略

为探索中国知识产权国际贸易竞争力的提升策略，基于I-CAGE框架，以62个国家为案例国，采用NCA与fs QCA探究中国知识产权国际贸易的组态路径，剖析创新因素、文化因素、制度因素、地理因素和经济因素对中国知识产权贸易竞争力的协同效应。研究表明，不存在导致中国知识产权高出口额和高进口额的单个必要条件，但制度因素对知识产权进口和出口、创新因素对进口发挥着相对重要的作用；对于高出口，存在经济驱动下制度主导型、文化驱动下创新主导型和经典CAGE主导型3条路径；对于高进口，也存在经济驱动下制度或创新主导型、制度和创新主导型和经典CAGE主导型3条路径；推动与“一带一路”国家的知识产权贸易，是提升中国知识产权贸易竞争力的重要路径。     

试论企业技术引进与输出中专利战略的应用

技术引进与输出也就是通常所说的技术进出口 ,属于技术贸易、技术转移的范畴。随着国际贸易和科学技术的发展 ,技术贸易在国际贸易中的地位越来越高 ,大有“无形赶有形”之势。据统计 ,“二战”以后技术贸易的增长速度比传统有形货物贸易快50 %～ 10 0 %。又据世界知识产权组织 (ＷＩＰＯ)统计 ,世界新技术 95%以上都是以专利形式进行公布的。而无论是技术引进还是技术输出也同样基本上是以专利的形式出现的① 。随着关贸总协定乌拉圭回合把知识产权纳入与贸易有关的新议题 ,并最终达成了与贸易 (包括假冒商品贸易 )有关的知识产权协议 (Ｔ…     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence