The Modern Mission: The Language Effects of Christianity

Christian missionaries have played a crucial role not only in assisting past and current forms of colonialism and neocolonialism, not only in attacking and destroying other ways of being, but also in terms of the language effects their projects have engendered. The choices missionaries have made to use local or European languages have been far more than a mere choice of medium. On the one hand, missionary language projects continue to use and promote European languages, and particularly English, for Christian purposes. The use of English language teaching as a means to convert the unsuspecting English language learner raise profound moral and political questions about what is going on in English classrooms around the world. On the other hand, missionary linguists have played a particular role in the construction and invention of languages around the world. Of particular concern here are the ways in which language use, and understandings of language use, have been-and still are-profoundly affected by missionary projects. Bilingualism between indigenous languages and a metropolitan language, for example, was part of a conservative missionary agenda in which converting to Christianity was the inevitable process of being bilingual. The ongoing legacy of the language effects of Christianity is something that needs urgent attention.     

English as a Site of Evangelical Contact: A Critical Ethnography of Missionary English Teaching between South and North Koreans

ABSTRACT

Drawing from a larger ethnography of North Korean young adults learning English in Christian educational programs in South Korea, this article explores the power relations between evangelicals and minority people and the political economy of missionary English teaching. This article follows Christian educational programs that provided various forms of resources—including English teaching—to North Korean young adults to examine how access to resources was regulated in relation to learner identity. Building on the sociolinguistic framework of political economy of language and emerging research on religion and second language learning, this study illustrates the integration of Christianity and English, and the intersection of religion, nationalism, and neoliberalism. The findings elucidate how English works as a secular resource in religious spaces, thus serving as a site of religious contact between people of divergent goals. Issues of professional ethics are also discussed.     

民国时期的英语测试及评价

本文从史料出发探讨民国时期的英语测试状况,关注的教学机构为教会学校。作者首先介绍民国时期英语教学的基本状况,解析当时英语测试的理论背景,再现其形式,讨论其用途,最后进行评价。结语指出,尽管民国时期在语言测试史上属于科学前时期,教会学校的英语教师们在语言测试上做出的积极谨慎的努力对今天仍有借鉴意义。     

“语言技能”与“人文教育”双璧合一的英语专业教学——基于上海外国语大学英语专业综合英语课的人文化教学改革

近年来,针对英语专业"重技能轻人文"的教学误区,英语学界发起了新一轮教学改革,明确了英语专业的人文学科定位,并将提升思辨力和人文素养确立为主要改革方向。然而,英语专业"人文化"并非"去语言化",人文培养应与语言学习有机融合。本文立足于上海外国语大学英语专业人文化教学改革实践,通过介绍大一综合英语课的实际教学案例,阐述将传统精读的语篇分析和泛读的内涵鉴赏融为一体的教学理念及具体方法。     

论英语教学中基督教文化知识的传授

基督教思想是西方文化的重要方面，因此，在英语教学过程中要利用多种手段传授基督教文化知识，以使学生更深刻地理解英语，增强跨文化交际能力。     

The Mapping of a Framework: Critical Race Theory and TESOL

In this article, I attempt to elucidate some key intersections between critical race theory (CRT) in synthesis with English language learning as a way to examine linguistic and racial identity in English language teaching. I ask: How does critical race theory apply to English language learners when language rather than race is fore-grounded? What aspects of CRT would assist in theorizing the relationship between language and race for teachers of English to speakers of other languages? In looking to CRT to inform and expand critical approaches to English language teaching, I hope to more closely tie English language learning to issues of race as a way to better understand the intersectionality of these identity factors in the educational context of language teaching and learning. Such inquiry could work to broaden teachers’ knowledge of the ways that linguistic and racial membership inform student learning, and raise awareness about the range of perspectives and cultural interpretations that linguistic minorities may hold.     

大学英语与人文通识教育

大学英语是一门提高学生人文综合素质的必不可少的课程之一,在大学英语中加强人文教育,有助于学生塑造理想人格,培养创新精神,促进自身文化发展,以宽容和开放的心态尊重不同的文化。当前,我国大学英语教学模式偏重于语言学习,不利于学生的全面发展,应在人文通识教育的理念下,对教学方式、教材内容等多方面进行改革,以促进学生英语水平和人文综合素质的提高。     

基于体裁教学法的通识化高职大学英语教学模式

体裁教学法是近年来兴起的一种能够有效应用于英语教学中的教学方法,其研究多运用于大学英语阅读与写作教学中。本文基于体裁教学法为理论指导,改变传统教学模式,以一份英文调查问卷、四个步骤展开课堂教学活动,达到培养学生阅读、翻译、写作、口语、听力等英语综合能力的目的,使学生实现英语语言应用实践的综合能力和职业素养的提高,对现行通识化的高职大学英语教学模式改革具有一定的理论指导意义。     

ENGLISH LINGUISTICS AND THE NON‐BRITISH TELEVISION PROGRAMME

The paper deals with the potential use for research and for teaching of the non‐British (i.e. American, Canadian, Australian and New Zealand) programmes and series currently being shown on British television screens. Potential projects are outlined in the areas of sociolinguistics and dialectology, and the potential of television as a tool for research into English language generally is discussed. Examples of the types of series that would lend themselves to linguistic research of this nature are noted, and the availability of programmes from the various nations is discussed. Recommendations are made about the future of the English language and the use of television in English language research in the future.     

高师英语学生学科教学能力的结构与构建

外语学科教学能力是指教师在从事教育教学活动中，顺利完成教学任务所表现出来的个性心理特征．它是由宽厚的人文知识基础、扎实的英语专业功底、融会贯通的教学知识、过硬的英语教研能力、及时有效的反思能力等组成的多要素、多侧面、多联系的有机整体。构建外语学科教学能力的首要任务是指导学生了解教学能力的内容，帮助学生建立基本的能力结构。与此同时，拓宽学生的学术视野、完善学生的教学知识结构、提高教学能力培养的有效性和促进教学反恶习惯的养成，构建完整的外语学科教学能力结构。     

Understanding our learners and developing reflective practice: Conducting action research with English language learners

This paper examines the ways in which action research projects can be used to socialize teachers to the teaching of English language learners (ELLs) as well as help these teachers develop reflective practice. Drawing on surveys, action research projects conduced with ELLs and reflection papers as data, the study explored the teachers' statements about the impact of the course work and the projects on their teaching and their beliefs about teaching ELLs. Students stated that they felt they had grown as teachers, were more reflective, and more confident about teaching in general, and teaching ELLs in particular.     

2000年英语中考试卷对教学和考试的启示

通过对我市2000年中考英语学科的结构、重点以及特点的剖析，肯定了改革的方向：强调基础、重视交际、突出主篇，强化能力，与此同时，为2001年英语学科的中考命题规划了蓝图，为其增加了透明度，为教学和复习备考指明了思路，使中考更好地发挥其指挥棒作用，从而推动我市中学英语教学改革的不断深化。     

Ecclesiastical and religious factors which preserved Christian and traditional forms of education for citizenship in English schools, 1934–1944

Participants in the public discourse pertaining to religious education and education for citizenship in English schools between 1934 and 1944 included many ‘Christian educationists’. They advocated a conservative and elitist form of education for citizenship as taught through indirect training, Arnoldian public school traditions and ecumenical, liberal Protestantism. This contrasted with the conception of education for citizenship promoted by the founder members of the Association for Education in Citizenship. They wanted pupils to be educated into a liberal, democratic and secular version of English citizenship by means of ‘progressive’ pedagogies and direct instruction. This article identifies the ecclesiastical and religious factors which preserved the Christian and traditional form of education for citizenship in English schools between 1934 and 1944. These factors included the revival of the Christian foundations of British national identity and citizenship, the development and acceptance of non‐denominational forms of Christian education, the increasingly positive response which an evermore coherent and professionalised cohort of Christian educationists received from the Board of Education and the Consultative Committee, and the political power of the Anglican Church within the dual system combined with the religious settlement agreed in the 1944 Education Act.     

任务型语言教学法在英语泛读课中的运用

任务型语言教学法是近年来新兴的课堂教学手段,是一种以任务为核心来计划、组织语言教学的教学方法,旨在强调把语言运用的基本理念转化为具有实践意义的课堂教学模式,在课堂教学活动中让学生用英语完成各种真实生活、学习、工作等活动,从而培养学生运用英语的能力.目前,大多数高校英语泛读教学还是采用传统的方式授课,表现为过多地承担了词汇、语法等语言基础知识的任务,逐字逐句地讲解、翻译等.这种“满堂灌”的方法忽略了学生参与课堂教学的积极性,学生缺乏主动建构知识的动力,严重影响了阅读教学的效果.以英语泛读教学为突破点,依托任务型语言教学的核心理据,结合英语泛读课堂教学实际,对英语任务型泛读教学进行探析.     

从中西方文化交流看教会学校英语教学图式

中西方文明在世界上都具有重要影响,教会英语教学在中国大规模开展以前,中西方彼此之间都存在较大的隔阂和误解。教会学校英语教学图式是外国传教士在特定历史时期,结合中国国情形成的针对中国学生的教学方法、教学经验的系统知识结构,这种图式结构促进了中西方文化交流。探讨教会学校英语教学的图式对于促进当今的中西方文化交流和英语投学具有十分重要的借鉴意义。     

‘Yo antes no reciclaba y esto me cambio por completo la consiencia’: intercultural citizenship education in the English classroom

This article describes a telecollaboration project about the environment in the primary English as a foreign language classroom carried out in 2013/2014 between Argentina and Denmark. It combines English language teaching with intercultural citizenship education and forms part of a network of projects in Europe, the US and East Asia. This is the only one set in the primary school context and in Latin America. After some preparatory work, the Argentinian and Danish children met online through Skype, using English, Spanish and Danish, to design a collaborative poster to raise awareness of the importance of taking care of the environment. Conversational and documentary data were collected and analysed qualitatively, in this case focusing on the Argentinian perspective. With a critical literacy conceptualisation, the project demonstrates growth in self/intercultural awareness, criticality and social justice responsibility, and the emergence of a sense of community of transnational peers amongst the children involved.     

初中英语综合实践课背景下的语言项目学习

语言项目学习既是以项目为中心组织学习活动的一种语言教学模式,也是促进学习者综合实践能力和综合语言运用能力发展的有效学习方式。本文根据我国初中英语综合实践课的特点及初中生的英语学情,基于Stoller所开发的语言项目学习的教学模式,构建了适合我国初中英语综合实践课使用的语言项目学习的教学模式,并为初中英语教师实施语言项目学习提供了若干建议。     

晚清教会学校的商务英语教学:利益导向下的世俗化与功利化选择

晚清教会学校的商务英语教学是在社会对英语人才需求日盛的背景下所做出的一种世俗化和功利化的选择。其课程设置发轫于以内容为基础的专业英语教学,逐渐增设基于商务语言技能和内容的商务英语课程,并随着教会学校的发展而不断拓展和深化,最后发展为近代化职业教育基础之上的商务英语教学。教学方法从语法翻译法一统天下逐渐向语法翻译法与古安系列法共存的格局转变,且均与其世俗化和功利化的教学理念和目标相适应。尽管存在诸如教学宗旨的宗教属性及跨文化商务交际教学缺失等不足,但其英语与商务知识相结合的课程设置造就了大批商务英语人才。其旨在培养既熟练驾驭英语语言又掌握商务专业知识的复合型英语人才的教育模式,对当今商务英语教学具有一定借鉴意义。     

Liberal studies and critical pedagogy in further education colleges: ‘where their eyes would be opened’ (sometimes)

This paper revisits the liberal studies movement, a significant feature of the English further education (FE) sector from the 1950s until the beginning of the 1980s. Its central argument is that liberal and general studies (LS/GS) and similar provision offered a vehicle where, at least in some circumstances, certain politically-motivated FE teachers were able to engage in forms of mutual, dialogic teaching and learning which can be conceptualised as critical pedagogy—or at least as close to critical pedagogy as can be achieved within the formal education system in a nation such as England. The paper draws on interviews with former FE lecturers who taught various forms of liberal studies to vocational students in FE colleges across England during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Whilst it is recognised that LS/GS was always contested terrain, data presented in this paper provide evidence to suggest that the spirit of critical pedagogy existed amongst a certain strand within the liberal studies movement, at least for a time—even if not all learners wished to be emancipated by their studies.     

浅论民国时期教会中学的英语教学

近代中国的外语教育产生于教会学校特别是教会中学.民国前期,教会中学英语教学取得了不断的发展,师资来源和教材的选用呈现多样化趋势,教学方法也有重大改革,教学效果明显优于当时的公立中学.抗战以后,教会中学英语教学的正常发展趋势被打断,处于停滞和混乱的状态.