澳大利亚先前学习认定制度探析

先前学习认定(RPL)是澳大利亚职业教育中连接中学、职业院校和大学整个教育体系的评价认证制度。它的实施有助于申请者实现职业流动,节约学习成本。我国可以借鉴该制度的成功经验,从制订全国统一的职业资格标准、建立行业指导机构、重视学生的先前工作经验以及融合我国的教育和培训体系等方面,建立起适合我国职业教育特点的先前学习认定制度。     

Mobile phones in education: Challenges and opportunities for learning

The millennials use mobile phones on a daily basis to keep in touch with family and friends (Lenhart 2010). However, the role of mobile phones in education needs to be close examined as educators strive to incorporate mobile leaning devices in the classroom. Consequently, schools will not only need to evaluate their school curriculums but also recognize the power in the digital devices to engage, enable, and empower Gen-M and iGen learners. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide a rationale for the need for administrators to design guidelines for schools planning to adopt mobile phones in their curricula. Additionally, this article is intended to stimulate reflections on effective ways to adopt mobile phones in education to engage learners.     

弹性学习:机会、挑战与应对

弹性学习已成为世界高等教育改革的一种基本趋势。它的实施,对于学习者来说意味着更多的选择机会,并对自己的选择负责。对于教师而言,更多地意味着对学习者的选择作出回应,他们将面临更多的挑战。对于高等学校而言,它们虽然能够更好地承担服务社会的绩效责任,但其自主也更容易受到损害,内部管理也会遇到许多新问题。     

试论高校会计委派制

针对传统的高校财务管理的现状,剖析其管理薄弱的原因。阐述了在当前高校大发展、大量资金投入的背景下实行会计委派制的意义,同时指出实行会计委派制的具体方法及注意事项,并提出了相应的解决方案。     

Diversifying learning opportunities: A response to the problems of mass education

The large lecture section is often perceived as a homogeneous mass of students who can be taught satisfactorily by a single teaching method — usually lectures, textbooks, and objective exams. An attempt to improve the quality of teaching and learning was made by offering three distinct options to 695 students enrolled in two large classes: (1) conventional lecture/objective exam format; (2) small groups of five to eight students; (3) independent study. The students responded with 86% selecting the conventional method, 11% choosing small groups, and 3% deciding upon independent study. Students in the conventional classes tended to have high scores on Rotter's External Control Scale and high scores on personality need scales (Personality Research Form) for harm avoidance, order, social recognition, and succorence; they also tended to be less intellectually inclined and more vocationally oriented. The students in nonconventional options tended to have high personality need scores for cognitive structure, achievement, autonomy, and understanding.Portions of this paper were presented at Annual Meetings of the American Sociological Association, Denver, September, 1971 and the Illinois Sociological Association, Chicago, October, 1972. We are indebted to Fred Strodbeck, Robert Sutherland, Gene Jabker, Richard Clayton, Kay Clifton, and Wendy Rhodes for critical comments to an earlier draft of this paper.     

Challenges and opportunities: using a science-based video game in secondary school settings

Simulations and games are not new artifacts to the study of science in secondary school settings (Hug, Kriajcik and Marx 2005), however teachers remain skeptical as to their value, use and appropriateness (Rice 2006). The difficulty is not only the design and development of effective play environments that produce measurable changes in knowledge and/or understanding, but also in their on-the-ground use (Jaipal and Figg 2010). This paper reports on the use of a science-focused video game in five very different secondary school settings in Ontario, Canada. A mixed-methods approach was used in the study, and included data gathered on general gameplay habits and technology use, as well as informal interviews with teachers and students who played the game. In total, 161 participants played a series of games focused on the ??life of a plant??, and were given both a pre and post quiz to determine if the game helped them retain and/or change what they knew about scientific processes like plant cell anatomy and photosynthesis. Participants showed statistically significant improvement on quizzes that were taken after playing the game for approximately one-hour sessions, despite difficulties in some cases both accessing and playing the game for the full hour. Our findings also reveal the ongoing challenges in making use of technology in a variety of school sessions, even when using a browser-based game, that demanded very little other than a reliable internet connection.     

Trajectories in teacher education: Recognising prior learning in practice

This article analyses the trajectories into teacher education of a group of child minders who are studying to become pre-school teachers. The specific focus is what impact their prior experiences and learning from pre-school have on their trajectories, and how these experiences and learning are recognised in the first year of teacher education. A situated learning perspective is applied, with a focus on participation and trajectories in the two communities of practice in which teacher education is situated – the university and the pre-school. The data consist of transcribed interviews with ten student teachers, and additional data are gathered from stakeholders in the program. The results show that prior experiences and learning are given implicit and indirect recognition. In the practice of the pre-school, the trajectory means a shift in identity, from child minder to student teacher and pre-school teacher. In the practice of the university, prior experiences and learning help students in their trajectories from peripheral to fuller participation.     

Metaphor and Totem: Exploring and evaluating prior experiential learning

The evaluation and recognition of prior experiential learning is now well established. A significant issue in such evaluations has been the centrality of the learner and his/her empowerment in the educational process. However, most models of evaluation require equivalency between the unique experiences of the subject and existing course analogues. In these models evaluation is based on metaphor, on finding varying degrees of similarity between the experience being assessed and currently existing academic structures. The present paper calls for a richer perspective to be taken in assessing prior experiential learning with particular interest being seen in the notion of totemism as characterised by anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss. A replacement of metaphor by totemism may restore power, ownership and centrality of the experience to the candidate for assessment, while allowing evaluators an opportunity to engage in a novel but authentic articulation of the underlying academic equivalency of the experience.     

社交媒体在高等教育中的应用:挑战与机会

最有意义、对生活影响最大的技术可能是社交媒体,因为它们被融入商业、娱乐和教育活动中并扮演重要角色。一般认为这些工具应用于高等教育正式课程/专业中有诸多好处,本文对此进行概述,讨论其不足和挑战,重点分析这些工具使用上的便利和价值与(用户)失去对数据的控制之间的矛盾。我们很可能会继续看到自己出于公私目的使用社交媒体所产生的数据继续被使用的情况,包括经过授权和未经授权的使用。分析了人们为了应对这个挑战而提出和尝试的一些解决方法,并简要介绍其中两种。第一个方案强调由机构自身创建和管理自己的社交媒体,第二个则是一种新兴技术方案,允许用户控制自己的数据但同时又能在多种社交环境下享受分享和发展的好处。     

Space and embodiment in informal learning

Changes in pedagogy to emphasise independent study and group work have increased the need for informal learning spaces on campuses. University libraries have been quick to respond to this need, partly because of the decline in book lending and partly because of technology enablers. Furthermore, new types of buildings that combine many types of facility, including libraries and informal learning spaces, are being built. This research aimed to explore students’ experience of such informal learning spaces, through focus groups and walk with interviews. It was found that the creation of different types of learning atmosphere, should be understood as a multi-sensory experience, and actively constructed by learners themselves. Informal learning spaces are important destinations for students, who have favourite places to study, where they often work alongside companions and find motivation to work in the presence of others.     

Shared and personal learning spaces: Challenges for pedagogical design

The development of new tools for collaboration, such as social software, plays a crucial role in leisure time and work activities. The aim of this article is to summarize the research in the field of computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL). This is done particularly from the perspective of the blurred line between individual (personal) and group-level (shared) learning that the use of the new tools has forced us to re-think. First, individual and group-level perspectives to learning are discussed to make sense of the major notions of how learning is understood in CSCL research. Second, based on this theoretical grounding, it will be further elaborated what this means to the pedagogical design of educational practices utilizing emerging technological landscapes. And third, two different empirical examples will be presented to illustrate the variety of emerging technological landscapes meeting the needs of future learning.     

基于方法论的日本比较教育实地调查研究的挑战

比较教育方法论以因素分析、历史研究等方法构建了独特的研究模式,进入21世纪以来,多元化的研究方法日渐凸显。实地调查的研究方法作为比较教育的研究方法之一在20世纪90年代以后开始走向规范化。本文着重分析日本比较教育学者历年来面向方法论的改革与挑战所发表的学术论文,充分肯定了"实地调查"这一研究方法在比较教育学科发展中的地位和作用。     

场馆学习中的参观者研究:进展与挑战

该文对场馆学习中的参观者研究之进展与挑战进行了探讨。参观者研究是对参观博物馆的人进行的研究。它是一个多学科交叉的研究领域,基本范畴包括参观者的人口统计学分析、参观者的行为与知识习得研究及以参观者为焦点的研究。参观者研究源于19世纪末发端的参观者调查,其后焦点几经转变,从对行为模式的探索到以评价为导向,最终明确以学习作为研究之焦点。目前参观者研究在方法学上面临着巨大挑战,主要表现为定性研究与定量研究之间的张力及背后更为深层的哲学观念与研究范式之间的不可调和性。为解决这一问题,既需要明晰定量之因果研究难以在参观者领域内真正扎根的原因所在,同时又需要在对复杂性的驾驭中克服定性与定量研究之间的张力,在研究取向的多元并存与竞合中确立主流的研究范式。     

Authentic and self-directed learning in vocational education: Challenges to vocational educators

This article analyses the dilemmas and practical tensions in implementing competence-based vocational education. Eleven case studies were conducted, including observation of lessons and interviews with teachers and students. The results show that schools meet various fundamental issues in realising this approach. A crucial question is how to stimulate the acquisition and use of a way of knowing and thinking that is based on vocational theory. Reflection, authenticity and coaching are relevant characteristics that are hardly put into practice yet. To understand these results the article reflects on factors that account for the distance between promising concepts and actual teaching practice.     

Toward professional practice: student learning opportunities through participation in engineering clubs

ABSTRACT

Clubs constitute a prominant co-curricular activity to prepare students for effective professional careers, yet the role of engineering clubs in students' professional formation is poorly understood. This qualitative, comparative case study investigated three student engineering clubs at a large American public university. The clubs included a domestic chemical reaction car competition; a formula racing club that partners with a German team and competes both domestically and internationally; and a humanitarian engineering club centred on service learning projects in developing countries. Data collection included semi-structured interviews with participants (N?=?19) and observations of club work sessions (N?=?27). Using Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) as the analytical framework, the transcribed interviews were coded to characterise the activity in each club. The findings demonstrate that a confluence of elements, especially decision-making rules and division of labour, leads to a fundamentally distinct activity system in each club. Consequently, each club differs in the ways it influences students’ professional formation. More generally, this study illustrates the potential of CHAT for analysis of co-curricular activity that can lead to alternative approaches to activity design.