远程教育中交互影响距离理论的扩展应用与启示

交互影响距离理论提供了一个广泛的远程教育教学框架,并允许其它理论的融入,是现代远程教育的核心理论之一.本文通过对国内外与交互影响距离理论相关文献的研究,分析了交互影响距离理论的理论框架及其远程教育系统模式和交互影响距离理论与其它远程教育理论的发展与协同,并探讨了基于交互影响距离理论框架的远程教育系统模式的扩展应用.研究显示,理论的探究是一个领域实践发展极具活力的关键,而理论的协同与创新是理论发展的一种途径,有利于理论走向完善.交互影响距离理论基于协同与创新的扩展应用可影响到远程教育供应链的各个环节,并指导远程教育实践的发展.本研究的目的在于试图呈现一条远程教育理论发展创新的途径.     

远程教育学的元研究和学科建设

采用元研究方法,不但能回答、解决国外学者对远程教育的理论体系不足提出的问题,而且能深层次分析学科存在问题以及学科发展机制;元研究的逻辑和范畴构建方法是分析、解决远程教育理论体系存在问题的有效途径,通过确认远程教育逻辑起点、核心范畴、范畴体系、部门范畴群以及运用范畴纽结、生成、转化、辐射、统摄等功能将获得真正的学科理论结构.在此基础上,远程教育学学科的内部结构形成.     

Some Critical Reflections On Open Distance Learning,With Particular Reference To Work-Integrated Learning

Abstract

The notion of ‘openness’ in terms like open distance learning (ODL) is sometimes rather carelessly used, for example in the work-integrated learning (WIL) of distance learners (such as the teaching practice of UNISA's education students, where schools and UNISA form a partnership). We indicate that there is very little ‘openness’ in this type of learning, and that ODL and WIL are in fact two irreconcilable concepts. Yet, when WIL is considered in relation to distance education (DE) there is no problem, because DE is a clear and generally understood concept, indicating a particular mode of education provision, within which WIL can be neatly and meaningfully accommodated. We conclude, also on the basis of empirical evidence, that WIL and DE (and not ODL) constitute the proven, established and ideal conceptual frameworks for the design and implementation of inter alia teaching practice (as WIL) in distance teacher training. In closing, we briefly reflect on the implications of our conclusion for institutional identity.     

远程课堂条件下的对外汉语教学

随着汉语在国外受到重视的程度不断增加,师资力量不足,远程教学就成为另一种常见的教学方式,老师和学生同步的教学交流,既存在着局限,又有着与传统课堂教学十分相似的部分。本文以真实课堂为例,介绍了美国远程汉语课堂的现状和教学方法。     

Social Presence Online: Networking Learners at a Distance

This paper draws on two studies which researched the use of online small group environments where collaborative learning is a central structure for learning. The establishment of social presence is facilitated through the socio-affective aspect of small group interaction which contributed to the effectiveness of learning online. Social presence, the ability of online learners to project themselves into a textual environment which has few visual or contextual cues, will be explored as an important element in facilitating effective online learning. The teacher's role in helping students project their online social presence and in establishing an environment for learning within the larger group computer conference will also be discussed.     

Design & Choice of Media by Applying the Theory of Transactional Distance

This Paper presents a series of empirical studies involving approx.850 students to show how flexibility in course design should be informed by the student's culture and native language (L1), gender, and age, and explains how to decide on the most appropriate learning technology in course design by applying the Theory of Transactional Distance. Curves are presented to show how academic English reading rates online and offline are affected by the L1, gender, and age (over a wide age range 18 81 years old). To prevent inequitable culturally distinct overload, course design should be modified using hypertext. Choice of media--in particular synchronous versus asynchronous media--is decided according to the Theory of Transactional Distance. This theory is here extended from tutor to one student to multiple students in a group, and the masculinity can be modified. Briefly, at initial maximal distance (D-S-) early on, the community is fostered with synchronous media for cooperative group learning, followed by (D-S+) collaborative learning using one of two frameworks presented to ensure constructivism in asynchronous mode, then (D-S+) collaborative for Guided Didactic Conversation in asynchronous mode, and finally (D+ S-) cooperatively in synchronous mode for reflective sharing of course learning experiences. At each transactional distance, or in each mode, hypertext is purposively designed to complement the cooperative or collaborative style to provide self access support (additional analysis and reasoning to cooperative, and examples to collaborative) to provide equitable content and quality of learning across wide cultural and L1 ranges, to remove gender bias, and to accommodate variations due to student age. Thus, to promote student autonomy and lifelong learning.     

远程学习的评估

学习评估是教学过程的一个组成部分。长期以来,学习评估似乎成为了教师的“权威”的象征,然而,这种惟教师评估为尊的机制无助于充分发挥评估对远程教学的促进作用。本文提出了多元评估的设想,即学术评估包括教师评估、自我评估和同伴评估,分析了它们各自的优点和弱点,并讨论了如何针对不同形式的评估提供相应的反馈。作者认为,要使学术评估与课程教学互为促进,构建更加符合远程教育特点和规律的教学模式,就不能只注重学习评估的结果,而是要改革课程成绩评定机制,过程与结果并重。     

Hands-on at a Distance: Evaluation of a Temperature and Heat Distance Learning Course

The No Child Left Behind Act requires that all teachers be certified within the content areas that they teach. However, attracting and retaining highly qualified science teachers in rural school districts is particularly difficult due to limited resources and geographic and professional isolation. Science professional development programs could help improve inservice teachers’ understanding of concepts they are expected to teach, but such programs are often limited in rural areas. This study evaluates a unique distance learning, inquiry-based professional development course in physical science developed to meet the needs of central Appalachian middle school teachers. Instruction through hands-on inquiry investigations distinguishes this program from other distance learning programs. Preliminary findings from the pilot study reported in this paper reveal significant growth in 43 teachers’ content knowledge for six of nine temperature and heat concepts assessed in the course. Outcomes from the distance learning project are discussed as they relate to future research goals and implications for science professional development programs in rural regions.     

远程教育学习方法摭谈

本文从学习模式和学习方式,对远程教育的学习方法进行了探析。认为,对其学习方法本质的把握,是发展现代远程教育的根本所在,否则,远程教育终极目的的实现,就只能停留在理论上。     

远程教育中的社会性交互

阐述远程教育中交互的作用和交互的意义,以电大在线为重点,分析远程教育中社会性交互的现状,提出改进策略,并探索社会性交互的进一步研究方向.     

Quality Measures in Distance Learning

The Director of Distance Learning in a university in Colorado reflects on the steps that must be taken to assure that that university-level e-learning courses be of the same quality as traditional courses. He suggests that the quality levels will be the same, if proper efforts are made to select suitable faculty members for on-line courses and that they be given proper training and support. Moreover, learning environments must be designed with care, and students must be provided with technical and academic support. Indeed, on-line students need to be offered the same level of services as traditional students. Finally, the technology policies in place must support monitoring and upgrading.     

论远程学习指导

远程学生普遍学习能力低,学习质量差,学习效率不高,尤其对远程学习更感陌生。要使学生“学会学习”,并且通过《广告策划》课程资源建设的实践探索,主张在课程资源建设的过程中,不仅在教学内容上要贴近学生的实际和实用,而且在教学方法上要对学生的学习直接负责,具体指导。     

远距离教育中的独立学习

在远距离教育中,教师与学生的分离差不多就是所有问题的核心。公众和教育家都一致认为,教师与学生的分离以及独立学习,是远距离教育形式的主要特征。本文介绍独立学习的特征、学习方式、评价方式和远距离学习者在学习过程中应该注意的问题。     

从合作学习角度看现代远程教育中的小组学习

小组学习是现代远程教育中一种重要的教学组织形式。由于认识及实践的局限,小组学习目前还存在种种问题,未能发挥其应有的作用。合作学习理论开阔了我们的视野,尤其在培养学生参与合作学习的内在素养方面能起到很好的理论指导作用。     

Exploiting Distance Technology to Foster Experimental Design as a Neglected Learning Objective in Labwork in Chemistry

This paper deals with the design process of a remote laboratory for labwork in chemistry. In particular, it focuses on the mutual dependency of theoretical conjectures about learning in the experimental sciences and technological opportunities in creating learning environments. The design process involves a detailed analysis of the expert task and knowledge, e.g., spectrophotometry as a method for the determination of the concentration of a compound in a solution. In so doing, modifications in transposing tasks and knowledge to the learning situation can be monitored. The remote laboratory is described, as well as the specific features that alter the degree of fidelity of the learning situation in comparison with the expert one. It is conjectured that these alterations might represent actual benefits for learning.     

远程学习者远程学习自我效能感的调查研究

为了明晰远程学习者在远程学习自我效能感方面的一些特点,做了一个远程学习自我效能感的调查问卷。将编制的问卷选取远程学习者进行测试。结果发现该问卷具有良好的信度和效度。此外,研究还发现远程学习者的远程学习效能感总得分在1.5以上,其中计算机操作效能感、情绪管理效能感、时间管理效能感得分相对偏低。     

远程学习环境下的学生辅导对在学率的影响

以色列开放大学（OUI）是一所以远程学习及自学为主的免试入学的高等学院。对所有高等教育机构,尤其是对远程开放教育机构来说,学生的在学率问题是最被关注的。为应对这一问题,OUI决定实施一项保证在学率的项目,其目的是帮助新生解决在学习第一门课程中遇到的困难。新生和高年级的学生组成对子,由高年级的学生在第一学期作为辅导员帮助他们解决困难。本论文介绍了此项目实施情况并展示了接受辅导的学生的学习情况、就学情况、沟通情况以及他们在远程学习环境中的辅导情况。     

课程设计与媒体选择

本介绍了包括约850名学生在内的一系列经验研究,表明学生的化背景与母语、性别和年龄差异要求课程设计必须具有灵活性,并应用交互距离理论说明在课程设计中如何选择最合适的教学技术。本提供的曲线图表明了学生的化与母语、性别与年龄因素对其在线和离线阅读英语的速度的影响状况。为避免由于化差异带来的学生负担加重的不公正状况,应采用超本形式修正课程设计,根据交互距离理论选择媒体,尤其是相对于异步媒体的同步媒体。     

远程学习策略模型的建构研究

学习策略是衡量个体学习能力的重要尺度,也是制约学习效果的重要因素。受传统学习模式和远程学习环境的影响,在当前的远程教育中,远程学习者缺乏对学习策略的理解和有效运用。为此,应对以在职成人为主的远程学习者进行特征性分析,并将远程学习活动与学习策略相结合,构建有针对性和实效性的远程策略模型,以解决远程学习者低起点、低动力、低投入和低策略的问题。