政府补贴下考虑销售努力的闭环供应链研究

在废旧资源回收再利用行业的发展进程中,再造品销售困难是当前行业所面临的主要问题。本文从改善再造品销售难的现状出发,将零售商针对再造品进行销售努力与政府补贴再造品销售两者综合考虑,构建政府补贴下考虑销售努力的闭环供应链决策模型,通过不同模型决策的对比分析及算例仿真分析,为改善再造品销售困难问题提出相关对策。研究表明,零售商进行再造品的销售努力行为能扩大再造品市场比例的同时增加市场总需求,政府补贴可以缓解零售商的努力成本压力、控制再造品销售价格在销售努力过程中上升等问题,因此,政府补贴与销售努力相结合的方式是可以改善再造品销售困难问题的经济可行性对策。     

The effect of competitive actions and social media perceptions on offline car sales after automobile recalls

This paper explores the joint effect of competitive actions and social media related interactions on offline car sales after automobile recalls. Our analysis of all the mid-size automobile recall events in the U.S. from 2010 to 2015, the corresponding social media discussions of the recall and the competitive actions taken by the recalling firms and their competitors revealed that after recalls: (1) fewer competitive actions by the recalling firm are more effective in influencing car sales; (2) although social media discussions can increase awareness and sales, the change in perceptions of the brand on social media can negatively affect sales; and (3) the positive effect of social media on offline car sales is amplified when the recalling firm conducts fewer competitive actions, regardless of strategic or tactical actions, but is attenuated when competitors conduct more competitive actions. The current study adds to the competitive actions literature by considering the boundary conditions under which recalling firms can construct their competitive actions more effectively and extends the social media literature by incorporating both the focal and non-focal firms’ perspectives when examining the role of social media. Managerial implications for those responsible for steering companies through product recalls are also discussed.     

An analysis of the role of users in the total r&d portfolios of scientific instrument firms

This paper describes a real-time investigation of the total new product portfolios of nine product departments in the scientific instrument industry. It was found that within these portfolios only a few new products represented a major advance in functional performance. Most new products offered only incremental performance improvement, and many ‘new’ products were direct copies of competitors ' offerings.The scientific instrument innovation process is described in seven stages: recognition of need, invention of solution, prototype development, use in application, precommercial information dissemination, product engineering, and commercialization. In those cases where users were involved in the majority of the first five stages of the innovation process, the innovation was either a major functional improvement or a minor improvement that had not been initiated as a direct response to a competitor's product introduction. Direct copies and minor improvements that were competitive responses are notable for the absence of user involvement in the innovation process.Finally, the decision of a manufacturer to commercialize an innovation was unrelated to the level of user activity in the prior stages of the innovation process.     

The development of a user network as a way to re-launch an unwanted product

A common situation in product development is that of product failure and the need for re-launch. This paper presents findings regarding how one firm successfully re-launched a product through the ex-post development of a user network. The producer, Biacore, had to re-launch its biosensor product or lose a €50 million investment. The firm identified and interacted with multiple potential lead-users in order to generate new use applications. The firm benefited from the successful development of a set of new applications, innovative users, and sales. As sales of the product increased, Biacore created marketing channels as diffusion mechanisms for the encouragement of direct and indirect user-to-user interaction. These were a way to spread the costs of user support when the firm standardised how it interacted with users. Some follower-users were able to benefit from lead-users who became lead teachers; other follower-users became non-users of the product. This paper illustrates three main roles for the firm in developing a user network: creating lead-users, organising directed applications development and facilitating user-to-user interaction.     

R&D effort and US exports and foreign affiliate production of manufactures

This paper examines the relationship between US R&D expenditures and the pattern of US manufacturing exports and foreign affiliate sales across industries and regions for the years 1966 and 1976. While differences in relative research capability between the United States and the rest of the world have narrowed over this period, research effort still significantly explains the pattern of US sales in foreign markets. For any region, the export and foreign affiliate sales performance of research-intensive industries exceeds that of non-research-intensive industries. The relative performance of the formed is greater in regions with larger market size and high per capita income. The analysis also reveals that over the time period studied the ratio of US exports to foreign affiliate sales has generally fallen for all industries and foreign markets.These observations accord with a broad interpretation of the product cycle theory. While the United States has lost its uniqueness as a location of innovation, the ability to develop and market new products through R&D expenditures is still a strong force behind its exports and sale abroad. The decrease in exports relative to foreign affiliate sales may reflect a more rapid shift in comparative advantage in the production of such products to foreign locations. Hence the positive effect on US exports of development of any given new product may be becoming more short-lived.     

The power of talk: Exploring the effects of streamers’ linguistic styles on sales performance in B2B livestreaming commerce

B2B livestreaming has become increasingly popular, but few studies have investigated the role of streamers in these B2B livestreaming events. In contrast to the existing studies that explored the appearance and professionalism of streamers and focused on the B2C livestreaming commerce, this study analyzes how streamers’ linguistic characteristics relate to the livestreaming sales performance in online B2B marketplaces by conducting a streamer-level analysis. By combining deep learning and econometric analysis on a livestreaming dataset consisting of 915 livestreaming events across 14 industry categories from a B2B commerce platform, this study specifically examines the impact of three speech acts (i.e., assertive, expressive, and directive speech acts) on sales performance. We first extract three speech acts by combining Word2Vec and Bi-GRU network with Attention Mechanism (WBA), then use econometric models to examine the effect of the streamer's speech acts on sales performance, and finally explore the moderating roles of product-level factors (i.e., product novelty and product category). The results show that the assertive and directive acts have a positive effect on sales performance, but the expressive acts have a negative effect on the sales performance. In addition, this study also provides strong evidence that the effects of these speech acts on sales performance are highly dependent on the novelty of the live product. This moderating effect is particularly significant for sensory products.     

数据价值链构件及其作用机理——基于数字技术促进农业产业的案例

剖析农业产业数据价值链构件及其作用机制，发现数据作为农业的新生产要素与农业生产、销售、物流、监测相结合的数字活动形成数据价值链，数据使弱势的农业产业转向智能化、标准化、数字化，数据通过连接、汇集、再创造活动呈现大数据的网络效应、规模效应、学习反馈效应使农业产业及相关企业收益呈现规模报酬递增态势。产品、数据产品、产品数据成为企业新利润源泉，“产品”和“数据”的叠加优势以及数据汇集的平台优势、数据优势、信息优势构成企业的新竞争优势。     

非研发创新支出对高技术产业创新绩效的影响研究

外部技术获取、技术改造等非RD创新经费支出对高技术产业创新绩效既可能产生"促进效应",也可能产生"替代效应"。运用17个高技术产业1995-2012年的面板数据进行实证研究,发现非RD创新经费支出对高技术产业的专利产出和新产品销售收入整体上均产生了显著的正向影响,其中技术改造经费支出对专利产出主要体现为替代效应,但对新产品销售收入具有积极影响。外部技术获取整体上提升了高技术产业的专利产出水平,其中技术引进对专利产出产生了显著负面影响,但当与消化吸收费用支出产生协同效应时,其对专利产出的促进效应就会显现出来;消化吸收费用支出对新产品销售收入产生了显著的促进作用,而购买国内技术则有利于提升专利产出水平。     

基于政府不同策略普通/低碳产品制造商竞争机理研究

基于消费者的购买意愿,建立了低碳产品制造商与普通产品制造商的博弈模型.基于此博弈模型,分析了政府补贴和政府宣传对低碳产品、普通产品的单位零售价格、销售量、销售利润及环境影响.研究表明:低碳产品的单位零售价格、普通产品的零售价格及需求量与政府补贴负相关,低碳产品的需求量与政府补贴正相关;低碳产品的单位零售价格与政府努力程度正相关,在政府宣传努力程度大于某一定值时,普通产品的单位零售价格与政府宣传努力程度负相关;政府采取宣传政策时,低碳产品的销售量还与生产单位低碳产品所增加的费用有关;政府采取不同策略时,对环境的影响大小与政府补贴、政府宣传努力程度及生产单位低碳产品所增加费用有关.     

架构创新：探索特斯拉的竞争优势形成机理

能源和环境问题是制约汽车产业发展的两大因素。为了实现汽车工业的可持续发展，发展新能源汽车逐渐成为全球共识。特斯拉作为目前新能源汽车产业的国际领先企业，其产品在全球市场具有绝对的竞争优势。本文基于产品架构理论，分析了特斯拉竞争优势的形成机理。通过案例研究发现，架构创新是特斯拉竞争优势的主要来源：特斯拉通过创造性地选择开放模块型产品架构，成功突破市场壁垒进入新能源汽车市场；从开放模块型架构向封闭模块型的架构转变，是特斯拉实施产品差异化战略、提高其产品市场影响力的重要举措；技术创新与架构创新之间不是相互独立的，特斯拉通过核心技术促进架构创新是特斯拉产品背后竞争优势的源泉；特斯拉和松下的长期合作不仅是特斯拉架构创新的主要推手，同时也是通过双方的紧密协作不断提升“企业间问题解决”能力，进而快速提升特斯拉国际竞争力的一个不容忽视的因素。     

顾客随机选择模式下最终产品开发与模仿的博弈分析

在一个相互竞争的最终产品市场中,顾客往往是在一定品牌忠诚度下随机采用不同竞争品牌的产品,因此企业在制定率先开发还是等待模仿战略时,要充分考虑创新产品在竞争市场中的扩散形态,这使博弈分析变得更加复杂。本文在Bass创新扩散条件下,研究了改进更新产品率先开发或拷贝式模仿的利润和利润均衡点,进行了完全信息动态情况下两者之间的博弈分析。同时指出了在不完全信息动态情况下,研究企业率先开发或进行拷贝式模仿博弈的途径。     

双责任闭环供应链生态设计策略及其差异化影响

考虑生态设计降低产品制造成本、提高产品销量和提高废旧产品回收率3种生态设计策略,采用斯坦伯格博弈方法,面向产品生态设计和废旧产品回收的双责任闭环供应链,探究不同生态设计策略对企业的双责任行为、利润和环境等的影响。研究结果表明,在不同生态设计策略下,制造商的生态设计水平对零售商决策的影响范围、影响方向和影响力度具差异性;消费者价格敏感度与产品回收市场收益是影响双责任闭环供应链决策和制造商生态设计策略选择的关键要素;生态设计要素和固定成本要素对企业双责任行为、产品批发价和零售价产生不同影响。根据研究结论,提出从促进闭环供应链履行双责任视角,制造商应根据闭环供应链层面市场特征的变化而选择不同的生态设计策略。     

The launch of innovative product-related services: Lessons from automotive telematics

In the literature on new product development, most existing studies on the end of the design process concentrate on managing ramp-up in the field of manufactured products. This situation poses a problem at a time when our economies increasingly depend upon services and products are more and more related with sophisticated services that provide value for customers and producers. This article examines the management of the final phases of the design process of an innovative product-related service. Our research thus makes three contributions: (1) an analysis of the implementation process shows that the simultaneity of the production and consumption of a service means that three types of learning - technical, sales and uses - take place at the same time. Launch management strategies have thus to be adapted; (2) an analysis of the data collected confirms this difference by bringing to light great contrasts in these different aspects of learning; (3) this led us to identify a field that needs exploration by researchers in product and service innovation: the design of the sales process. Furthermore we underline two scenarios to manage the launch of innovative product-related services.     

基于效用理论的高技术产品销售预测

从效用理论出发,综合考虑影响消费者购买行为的主要因素,建立基于效用理论的高技术产品预测模型。运用CD唱机、DVD播放机和数码相机数据进行实证,将模型与基本Bass模型和PH模型进行比较。结果显示,该模型明显优于基本Bass模型和PH模型。模型在预测时方便可靠,可对产品成长初期销量进行准确预测,为企业制定合理的投资计划提供依据。     

扩展产品创新与企业集成

通过分析产品概念从单纯的实体到集成了有形产品、相关附件和无形配套服务的扩展产品的演进途径,论述扩展产品概念,归纳其基本特征,提出了运用企业外部化集成模式开发扩展产品的一个通用性模型。     

企业文化对于新产品开发的作用机理

在市场全球化发展的今天,技术的快速发展和产品生命周期的缩短,使企业面临着越来越大地竞争压力。新产品开发作为企业创新过程的结果受到多方面因素的影响,本文主要从新产品开发的过程管理的角度,以企业文化的基本理论分析企业文化对于新产品开发的作用机制,探讨建立创新型企业文化的途径。     

What a firm produces matters: Processes of diversification,coherence and performances of Indian manufacturing firms

Economic growth and development of a country involves the accumulation of knowledge and dynamic capabilities. Past research has begun to investigate capability accumulation and macro-economic development of countries and sectors, and the role of new products in these processes. In this work, we focus on the firm-level process of capability accumulation and diversification in a developing country, namely, India. First, we explore the drivers of firm diversification strategies, and the effects of diversification upon firm performance in terms of profitability and sales growth. Second, we look at the idiosyncratic characteristics of different products, trying to identify the synergies of a product line with respect to the overall product basket of the firm – i.e. the “coherence” of its diversification patterns. We observe that the future performance of firms crucially depends on the interactions between the products they produce.     

产品创新度与企业绩效的关系研究——基于浙江中小企业的问卷调查

以2005年1722家浙江中小企业作为研究样本,对产品创新度与企业绩效的关系进行了实证研究.研究结果表明:产品创新度与企业的技术积累有关,提高产品创新度有利于企业提升整体绩效,尤其对利润总额和新产品的销售额有显著的促进作用.另外,企业应当寻找恰当的技术和人才引进渠道,比如从国内大公司引进技术和人才,这样有利于企业突破产品创新的技术瓶颈,从而帮助企业成功实现产品创新.     

电子商务中基于深度学习的虚假交易识别研究

为了解决电子商务平台中存在的虚假交易问题,本文依据商品的销售记录以及商家的基本信息,提出了一种结合深度置信网络和多层感知器的虚假交易识别方法,通过识别出以通过刷单增加销量的商品来识别虚假交易。首先利用深度置信网络对交易特征进行学习,得到更高层次的抽象特征;然后利用多层感知器进行分类任务,从而识别出虚假交易。从淘宝中爬取商品的交易记录和评论数据进行实验验证,与其他机器学习模型的实验结果进行对比,其性能有明显的提升。     

Linking operations strategy and product innovation: an empirical study of Spanish ceramic tile producers

This paper deals with the fit between operations strategy and product innovation. The literature review suggests that product-innovating firms should have specific, competitive priorities with regard to operations. In order to test this proposition, we carried out a survey of the competitive priorities in the Spanish ceramic tile industry. We classified respondents according to the number of new products launched between 1997 and 1999. New products were identified according to the literature-based innovation output indicator. Our results revealed that the more-innovative firms follow a different operations strategy than the less-innovative firms because of the emphasis placed on flexibility and quality capabilities.