科学与全球化——科学技术：全球化的马达与多样性的砂轮

“全球化”无疑是当下最热门的一个名词了。这不仅因为它已经影响到了我们生活的方方面面,而且在它给我们未来美好憧憬的同时,也让我们感到非常不安。有人说：“其实我们根本不会知道这列急速前行的火车会给我们带往哪里?”在这一期的“科学文化”栏目里。我们试图关注的却是另一个与此相关的话题——科学与全球化之间的关系。几位作者的学术背景分别是：科技史,人类学,全球化,数字化以及经济学。希望他们的文章能够在这一问题上对读者有一定的启发。     

科学技术与文化多样性

历史潮流滚滚向前,科学技术突飞猛进,文化呈现错综复杂的多样性.文化的多样性与科技进步有着千丝万缕的高密度联系.文化多样性孕育科学技术的进步,为科技进步提供异彩纷呈的文化背景,推动科学技术日新月异的发展;而科技进步又对多样性文化发挥其积极的主导作用,促进文化多样性的统一与繁荣.因此,二者之间的互动互补,相辅相成,对于发展我国的科技与文化事业,形成世界科技文化的新格局,均有十分重要的理论价值和实践意义.     

科学技术全球化的态势

本文提出了科技全球化的六大态势：从“位空间”到“流空间”、信息知识增长速度大大超过物质增长速度、智力资源的全球开发得到高度重视、从“零和博奕”向“非零和博奕”、从机械模式到社会模式、从实体到虚拟。深刻理解上述科技全球化发展的六大态势对于制定我国相应对策十分重要。     

科学技术对经济全球化的作用

作为全球化的先导和基础,经济全球化的趋势不可逆转。科学技术对全球化的作用首先体现在对社会分工协作的推动上,并最终促成了经济全球化。最后,简要介绍了经济全球化对科学技术的影响。     

论科学技术中的文化多样性

本文立足于科学技术发展史,揭示了科学技术的多元文化起源,具体分析了科技传统中的文化多样性,指出在当代世界科学技术日新月异的发展和全球化浪潮中,正确认识和对待文化多样性对于民族的进步与文明、世界的和平与发展具有重要的作用.     

全球化时代文化多样性检视

自二战以来,美国就一直在做着文化帝国的美梦,极力对其他国家进行文化扩张,力求建立有利于巩固和发展其政治、经济霸权的"全球文化"。所以在全球化时代,对文化多样性的研究显得格外重要,它是民族文化发展中最为必要和紧迫的任务。     

全球化时代文化多样性检视

自二战以来,美国就一直在做着文化帝国的美梦,极力对其他国家进行文化扩张,力求建立有利于巩固和发展其政治、经济霸权的“全球文化”。所以在全球化时代,对文化多样性的研究显得格外重要,它是民族文化发展中最为必要和紧迫的任务。     

全球化与反全球化:发展中国家的应对策略

通过对全球化与反全球化有机结合进行综合分析,对发展中国家在两种截然相反的趋势中所面临的机遇与挑战,提出相应对策,以利于发展中国家把握机遇、权衡利弊、迎接挑战,选择适合本国国情的发展战略,促进其经济可持续发展。     

科学技术全球化与中国专家更多参与国际组织研究

国际组织的兴盛与发展是当代国际关系中令人瞩目的现象,它对世界和平与发展产生着广泛而深刻的影响。随着科学技术全球化趋势的加强,许多国际科技组织更加活跃。目前中国在国际组织的影响力还比较小,与我国应有的国际地位不相称,特别是科技、教育和文化等方面专家在国际科技组织任职和发挥作用还不够。中国专家应该具有战略眼光和大家风范,更加主动地参与国际组织,加强国际合作与交流,提高中国的国际地位,让世界更加了解中国,中国也可以为世界和平与发展作出更大贡献。     

Science and technology in Sweden: The fabians versus Europe

Sweden's technological development based on big science supporting high politics is turning to more welfare-oriented technologies. The tension between the university reform performed by an inward-looking government and industrial innovation carried out by an outward-looking business community is discussed.The paper covers the time span of the quiet postwar years, the attempt to institutionalize science policy in the 1960's and the sectoral approach to science and technology advocated in the 1970's. The implications of the polarization of science policy between the government and the technological community at a time of European integration is discussed.     

Information technology, globalization and ethics

This paper illustrates the overlap of computer ethics and business ethics by examining two issues. The first is the lack of fit between digitalized information and copyright protection. Although there are moral arguments that can be used to justify protection of intellectual property, including computer software and digitalized data, the way that copyright protection has developed often reflects vested interests rather than the considered weighing of moral considerations. As a result, with respect to downloading MP3s, among other material, what is ethical is largely determined by the appropriately passed laws in each jurisdiction, and what is ethically permissible in one jurisdiction may be ethically impermissible in another. The second issue is the outsourcing of IT jobs from the U.S. While the practice has been politicized, examining it from an all-things-considered perspective, this paper argues it is ethically justified.I wrote this while I was a Resident at the Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Study and Conference Center and I am pleased to acknowledge the support of the Foundation. I gave an abridged version of this paper at the Third World Congress of Business, Economics and Ethics in Melbourne, Australia, in July, 2004.     

探索国际技术转移与经济全球化的互动机制

在分析国际技术转移和经济全球化成因的基础上,着重阐述了国际技术转移与经济全球化的相互作用。通过综合分析,国际企业受利益的驱动,形成了经济全球化格局,进而促进国际技术转移。     

科技活动投入对科技活动产出的实证研究——以重庆市为例

采用<全国科技进步统计监测报告>(2006-2008)中科技进步体系的指标及数据,在构建panel-data模型基础上,通过科技活动投入对科技活动产出的影响进行回归,以揭示重庆市科技活动投入对科技活动产出的贡献.研究发现,科技活动投入的两个分量对科技活动产出均有显著的正面促进作用,且都通过了显著性检验.从而就如何提高重庆市科技进步水平提出政策建议.     

Science and technology in Japan

The rapid rise of advanced technology in Japan is a major factor in the world economy, but one whose origins are not generally understood. Still less is known in the West of Japanese science, as distinct from science imported from other countries. The author of this article, who has had exceptional experience in Japan, argues that a proper understanding of Japanese science and technology, and of their likely development in the future, must be based as much on knowledge of their history as on knowledge of their present organisation.     

Science and technology studies: Exploring the knowledge base

Science and Technology Studies (STS) is one of a number of new research fields to emerge over the last four or five decades. This paper attempts to identify its core academic contributions from the perspective of the authors of chapters in authoritative ‘handbooks’ and the references they cite. Besides identifying the most prominent publications, institutions and authors, we examine whether the core contributions can be broken down into identifiable clusters. The study also analyses the impact of these contributions by exploring the research fields, journals, and geographical location of the researchers that have cited the STS core contributions in their own work. Together, these analyses reveal a number of phases in the development of STS with periods of convergence and divergence of the field, including the gradual separation of quantitative studies of science and technology from the main body of STS. The paper ends with some conclusions about the evolution of STS, such as the role of ‘institution builders’ in developing new research fields and the structures required to hold them together.     

论开放经济中的地区竞争优势——兼谈经济全球化与西部大开发

我国“西部大开发”战略旨在缩小东西部经济发展差距,西部必须走出由重工业和低效农业构成的封闭的二元经济格局。经济全球化是世界经济发展到以科技作为核心竞争力,生产、管理、销售和服务高度专业化、标准化,以全球市场为目标的客观趋势。尽管西部绝大部分地区目前还不具备参与全球经济竞争的优势,但也要抓住经济全球化这一历史性大变革的机遇。西部要在经济全球化的背景下实现二元经济结构的转换,就必须依托我国整体经济竞争能力的提高,因而要更以整体利益为重,立足西部,国内优先,发挥比较优势。同时,西部必须认识到,只有企业才是市场经济的主体,才能引导技术和资金流向西部,才能组织专业化分工,支撑专业化分工的规模经济,从而提高西部的整体竞争力。     

Science,technology and innovation studies at a crossroad: SPRU as case study

The setting up of the Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU) at Sussex University 50 years ago represented a “transformative change” in the research on science policy and the understanding of the nature and origin of technological change and innovation studies. It influenced policymakers across the world in both the mature Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries and the developing world. It made the topic of science, technology and innovation (STI) familiar to business studies scholars. Today though, the analysis of STI appears to be somewhat in crisis. On the one hand, there is growing evidence that the growth and welfare gains of new technologies and innovation are no longer forthcoming in an automatic “trickle-down” fashion. The knowledge and technology diffusion “machine” appears broken. On the other hand, there are growing environmental concerns about the negative externalities of unsustainable fossil-fuel-based growth as industrialization spreads across the globe. STI policy appears somehow stuck in an industrial efficiency and consumerism mode that is unable to address in a satisfactory way the impact of such negative externalities. Can the broader historical approach as popularized within the so-called Science and Technology Studies (STS) tradition provide additional, complementary insights? Yes, if STI and STS scholars are prepared to leave their respective conceptual comfort zones and address in complementary fashion some of the major societal policy challenges confronting science, technology and innovation policy today.