孤独症谱系障碍个体前瞻记忆的元分析

运用元分析方法探究孤独症谱系障碍个体前瞻记忆受损情况,区分孤独症谱系障碍个体基于时间与基于事件的前瞻记忆表现差异,并分析相关的影响因素。结果表明,孤独症谱系障碍个体前瞻记忆存在中度缺损,基于时间的前瞻记忆存在严重缺损,基于事件的前瞻记忆存在轻度缺损。调节变量分析发现,ASD个体的前瞻记忆损伤独立于其年龄、言语智商等因素。     

自闭症谱系阅读障碍研究综述

自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)学生的阅读研究在国外已经开展了二、三十年,但在国内还处于起步阶段。随着一批具有学业能力的ASD儿童进入小学,他们的学习能力和特点,尤其阅读的方法和如何提高他们阅读理解能力等问题,引起儿童家长和学校教师更多的关注。本文评介和分析了ASD学生阅读的特征、机制和干预原理,在总结国外相关研究成果的基础上,对如何结合我国语言文字的特点开展自闭症谱系障碍的阅读研究提出了几点建议。     

自闭症谱系障碍儿童专业助手干预技能培训的研究进展

专业助手是自闭症谱系障碍儿童接受教育的重要支持人员,对其学业能力的发展以及社会交往技能的提升具有重要意义。本研究梳理了近二十年国外培训专业助手对自闭症谱系障碍儿童实施干预的实证研究,从专业助手的特征,ASD儿童的特征,专业助手对ASD儿童实施干预的目标行为,实验设计,培训内容与程序,培训及干预效果等维度进行分析,在此基础上指出已有研究存在的局限和未来研究方向,以期为日后自闭症谱系障碍儿童专业助手培训的研究提供参考和建议。     

自闭症谱系障碍人士犬辅助干预的研究进展

文章对21项有关自闭症谱系障碍人士犬辅助干预的定量研究进行综合分析,发现:研究设计多采用单一被试设计,研究对象多为儿童和青少年,测量方式多采用观察法;犬辅助干预对自闭症谱系障碍人士的身心健康具有潜在的积极作用;大部分研究结果表明犬辅助干预能够改善自闭症谱系障碍人士的社会行为和心理问题.未来研究应充分考虑干预对象、干预人...     

自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）儿童面孔识别缺陷概述

自闭症谱系障碍包括自闭症、亚斯伯格症候群和待分类的广泛性发育障碍,面孔识别障碍广泛存在于ASD儿童中间,从而影响了个体的社会交往。文章对国内外已有的研究结果和文献进行梳理和分析,总结出了ASD儿童面孔识别缺陷的具体体现,并概括了该群体面孔识别障碍的理论成因。最后指出已有研究的不足,并在此基础上提出未来对ASD儿童面孔识别的研究展望,以期为进一步的干预实践提供指导。     

自闭症谱系障碍语义加工特点与认知神经机制的研究综述

语言缺陷,尤其是语义一语用障碍,是自闭症谱系障碍(Autism Spectrum Disor-ders)的核心问题之一.本文在回顾和分析自闭症谱系障碍语义加工的认知特点及其神经心理机制的基础上,认为自闭症谱系障碍中有语言能力的个体既有简单语义理解能力,同时又存在复杂语义的理解缺陷.并针对自闭症谱系障碍的"能力"和"缺陷"并存的语言认知特点,复杂信息加工缺陷模式、中央统合理论以及脑神经联结异常假设,从认知神经心理学的角度进行了科学的解释和说明.     

自闭症谱系障碍者自传体记忆研究述评

本文介绍了国外有关自闭症谱系障碍者(ASD)自传体记忆的实验研究,研究表明自闭症成人和自闭症儿童的个人情景记忆均存在广泛损伤,而仅自闭症成人的个人语义记忆相对完好.本文还试图归纳与分析影响自闭症个体自传体记忆的心理机制,包括:自我概念、自知意识、信息加工、心理理论、执行功能.最后,文章总结了目前国外的研究现状,分析其存在的不足及未来的研究方向,希望为国内相关研究及实践提供启示.     

融合教育中角色游戏提升自闭症儿童社会交往能力的实践探究

自闭症又称为自闭症谱系障碍(ASD),在1943年首次被利奥·坎纳报道。近十年来,自闭症患儿的数量迅速增加已经成为不争的事实。随着对特殊教育的关注,轻度自闭症儿童在普通幼儿园接受融合教育的方式正在推行。在学前融合教育中,我们针对自闭症儿童社交能力的提升,尝试了通过角色游戏克服社交障碍、提升社会交往能力的干预方法。     

自闭症谱系学生艺术教育实践探究

有部分自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)学生在视觉空间和艺术领域存在明显的"孤岛智慧"。杭州市杨凌子学校基于儿童多元智能发展的视角,以自闭症学生潜能的激发和身心功能的完善为立足点,积极探索自闭症学生艺术教育的实施途径和积极影响。实践证明,自闭症学生的艺术教育具有明显的生态效益,真正实现了多方共赢。     

自闭症谱系障碍个体社会奖赏加工缺陷的神经机制

自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)是一种以社会交往障碍为主要特征的神经发育障碍,ASD的社会交往障碍与社会动机的缺乏有关,主要表现为社会奖赏加工缺陷.已有的神经影像学、脑电成分和神经化学成分的研究从神经机制上揭示了ASD个体的社会奖赏加工存在缺陷,并且该缺陷发生在奖赏预期阶段,但其非社会奖赏加工能力和奖赏加工阶段是否也存在缺陷没...     

未来取向应对、工作记忆及未来思考

本研究旨在通过探索工作记忆对于未来取向应对、前瞻记忆和未来思考的预测能力,探究未来取向应对同认知活动的关系以及工作记忆的预测机制。91名北京大学本科生及研究生作为被试,结果表明,未来应对取向同工作记忆、前瞻记忆和未来思考之间存在显著相关,同时工作记忆并不能直接预测前瞻记忆和未来思考的表现,而需要通过未来取向应对的中介作用才能够产生影响。这个结果说明对于某些认知能力,工作记忆可能并不是直接作用,而是通过复杂的机制产生作用的。同时也表明,测量认知活动方法的类型可能对结果产生不同的影响。本研究为进一步探究工作记忆的预测能力提供了证据,并为继续探索未来取向应对同时间知觉及工作记忆的关系打下基础。     

Can Bilingualism Mitigate Set-Shifting Difficulties in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders?

This study investigated the effects of bilingualism on set-shifting and working memory in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Bilinguals with ASD were predicted to display a specific bilingual advantage in set-shifting, but not working memory, relative to monolinguals with ASD. Forty 6- to 9-year-old children participated (20 ASD, 20 typically-developing). Set-shifting was measured using a computerized dimensional change card sort (DCCS) task, and by parent report of executive functioning in daily life. Results showed an advantage for bilingual relative to monolingual children with ASD on the DCCS task, but not for set-shifting in daily life. Working memory was similar for bilinguals and monolinguals with ASD. These findings suggest that bilingualism may mitigate some set-shifting difficulties in children with ASD.     

Autism-Related Variation in Reciprocal Social Behavior: A Longitudinal Study

Deficits in reciprocal social behavior are a characterizing feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Autism-related variation in reciprocal social behavior (AVR) in the general population is continuously distributed and highly heritable—a function of additive genetic influences that overlap substantially with those which engender clinical autistic syndromes. This is the first long-term prospective study of the stability of AVR from childhood through early adulthood, conducted via serial ratings using the Social Responsiveness Scale, in a cohort-sequential study involving children with ASD, other psychiatric conditions, and their siblings (N = 602, ages = 2.5–29). AVR exhibits marked stability throughout childhood in individuals with and without ASD.     

预期记忆及其老化研究的未来方向

预期记忆及其老化是记忆心理学的一个复兴的主题。预期记忆领域的未来方向将会涉及：研究其毕生发展特点，拓展其研究手段，分析它与其他心理变量之间的关系，考查其生活现象，探索其生理机制。预期记忆老化领域的未来方向可能集中于：加强其临床研究，注重其日常问题，探索其大脑机制，考查它与其他心理变量之间的关系，发展其改善程序。     

Do the eyes have it? Inferring mental states from animated faces in autism

The ability of individuals with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) to infer mental states from dynamic and static facial stimuli was investigated. In Experiment 1, individuals with ASD (10- to 14-year olds; N=18) performed above chance but not as well as controls. Accuracy scores for mental states did not differ between dynamic and static faces. Furthermore, participants with ASD gained higher scores when the eyes conveyed information than when this region remained static and neutral. Experiment 2 revealed that those with ASD (11- to 15-year olds; N=18) were as successful as controls in recognizing mental states when the eyes were presented in isolation or in the context of the whole face. Findings challenge claims that individuals with ASD are impaired at inferring mental states from the eyes.     

自闭症谱系障碍儿童共情过程中能力缺陷量化研究

共情缺陷是导致自闭症儿童社交障碍的重要因素。研究选取了28名3-7岁的自闭症和正常发展儿童,通过生理信号、面部表情和认知绩效等多模态数据的分析,探讨自闭症儿童共情过程中各阶段的特点,分析自闭症儿童共情缺陷的具体表现。研究发现,自闭症儿童的共情能力缺陷主要体现在较差的认知共情能力和较差的面部表情模仿能力;自闭症儿童的共情过程存在正常的自下而上的情绪分享过程和异常的自上而下的认知调节过程。因此,自闭症儿童共情能力的干预重点应聚焦认知调节过程中认知共情能力的提升和表情模仿能力的训练。     

The importance of self-regulation: a mediator of early socio-emotional difficulties on later socio-emotional and relational outcomes

Research suggests that a childhood diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with poorer teacher–child relationship quality and higher rates of externalising behaviours. It is proposed that the socio-emotional problems experienced by those children with ASD and/or ADHD lead to poor teacher–child relationship quality and an increase in externalising behaviours. It is also proposed that self-regulation skills and language ability may mediate these relationships. Data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) from 5107 participants whose ages ranged from 2 to 3, 6 to 7 and 10 to 11 years were used for these analyses. Outcome variables were teacher–child relationship quality and externalising behaviours. There were direct effects between ADHD/ASD and externalising behaviours (SDQ). Externalising behaviours were also fully mediated by self-regulation. All other models showed significant partial mediation. Findings suggest that language was not significantly related to either outcome variable. These results support the conclusion that self-regulation is a protective factor for those diagnosed with ASD and other disorders with associated socio-emotional problems such as ADHD. Results also suggest that a focus on self-regulation skills in educational programs has the potential to improve socio-relational outcomes for all children with socio-emotional difficulties.     

Infant Motor Development in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Synthesis and Meta-analysis

Studies of infant motor development in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have increased in recent years. This article synthesized this literature through meta-analysis to assess (a) whether infant motor ability differs in ASD relative to neurotypical controls; and (b) whether motor ability and communication are related in infants with ASD. Study 1 aggregated data from 1,953 infants with ASD (ages 3.0–42.0 months), and Study 2 included 890 infants with ASD (age 6.0–42.9 months). Study 1 revealed that infant motor ability differed significantly in ASD compared with neurotypical infants—this difference was robust to variation in measurement and design. Furthermore, this group difference amplified as age increased. Study 2 indicated that within ASD, infant motor ability and communication are related.     

前瞻记忆的影响因素

前瞻记忆是对预定事件或行为的记忆,是一种指向来来活动的记忆。最近二十年来,前瞻记忆一直是认知心理学研究的前沿和热点问题之一,其影响因素一直是研究者关注的重要方面。研究者主要从年龄因素、靶线索特征、进行中任务与前瞻记忆任务的匹配性、延时间隔等方面对前瞻记忆影响因素进行了研究。但是由于前瞻记忆加工过程的复杂性以及研究设计等的不同,研究结果并不一致。     

Integrating evaluation data to enhance treatment planning for students with ASD

Accurate assessment across the various characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and its comorbidities can help guide intervention planning. This introduction to the second issue of a double special issue on ASD assessment highlights assessment of various characteristics of and comorbidities with ASD to assist with treatment planning. For instance, anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are two of the most common comorbidities with ASD. Educational, clinical, and medical interventions for individuals with ASD can vary based on the unique cognitive and additional mental health needs of the individual.