The Crisis of communication: Videotext,the internet and innovation in France and the United States

This article compares videotext in France and the United States, the two advanced industrialized countries where videotext was the most and least successful, respectively, in order to demonstrate how videotext as a techno-political project foreshadows the explosive growth of the Internet as the dominant global communications platform. It draws upon the theory of network effects, in combination with a comparative analysis of both the institutional settings for research and development and political discourse, to explain how the interaction between state, market, and culture shaped network development and policy outcomes. Data are drawn primarily from official policy documents and trade journals from the era.     

信息技术外包项目绩效影响因素实证研究

本文以交易成本理论为基础,探讨了影响信息技术外包项目绩效的各种因素,包括战略匹配、对外包的熟悉程度、资产专用性和不确定性。通过问卷调查的方式,本文收集了103家中国各类企业的实际数据。研究结果表明,战略匹配、对外包的熟悉程度和资产专用性均对信息技术外包的项目绩效有显著的正向影响,但不确定性对项目绩效的影响不显著。     

基于波特钻石模型的广州服务外包产业发展路径研究

服务外包是21世纪的全球战略性产业,是现代服务业的重要组成部分和先导产业。发展服务外包产业,对于广州市加快产业结构调整,转变经济发展方式,构建以服务业为主导的现代产业体系,促进大学生就业,推动绿色低碳发展,建设面向世界、服务全国的国际大都市意义重大。运用波特钻石模型,从服务外包的资源要素、市场要素、服务外包相关产业和支持产业、服务外包企业以及政府等方面来分析广州服务外包产业,明晰其发展要素,探析广州服务外包产业的发展路径。     

制造外包企业与服务外包企业成长机理比较研究

基于制造外包和服务外包产业的快速发展,以制造外包企业和服务外包企业为研究对象,用企业资源观理论、交易成本理论和全球价值链理论研究外包企业的成长路径及其升级的核心资源、交易成本结构和外包产业全球价值链的治理等问题.研究表明,外包交易成本决定企业成长过程;核心资源是外包企业升级的重要基础;全球价值链竞争力决定外包企业升级空间.     

Industry Norms as Predictors of IT Outsourcing Behaviors

How do firm-specific factors impact strategic IT decisions such as IT outsourcing? Do non-financial factors influence these decisions? Whereas prior IT outsourcing research has focused primarily on normative, economic drivers of IT outsourcing, we find evidence of firm-specific non-financial factors influencing IT outsourcing decisions. We focus on the social influence perspective and use IT outsourcing decisions as exemplars of strategic IT decisions. Using a data sample of 77 outsourcing contracts from the automotive industry from 1995 to 2010, we find that even after controlling for financial factors, industry average levels of outsourcing can be used to distinguish strategic outsourcing behaviors of firms for IT enabled services. Firms with above-average levels of IT outsourcing tended to further increase outsourcing, a behavior consistent with perceived Red Queen competitive pressures. Firms with below-average levels of IT outsourcing showed no measurable trends of either increasing or decreasing outsourcing levels. This suggests that firm-specific factors influence IT outsourcing decisions and deviations from non-financial industry norms can indicate how firms make strategic IT decisions.     

Knowledge integration mechanisms in high-technology business-to-business services vendors

Employing a multidisciplinary approach this paper addresses an important area of how born global high-technology firms develop knowledge integration capability through their internal and external networks. Knowledge integration is noted as a critical capability in the innovation process. Our exploratory study contributes by: presenting evidence from India’s high-technology IT/BPO offshore outsourcing business-to-business (B2B) vendors; adding to the theoretical body of knowledge by identifying the three critical operational routines of learning, market and quality orientations that are critical in developing knowledge integration capability and supporting innovation processes; and develops a theoretical framework for future researchers to test it through survey designs. We conclude by identifying future research and managerial implications for firms operating in such milieus.     

研发项目柔性外包管理框架构建及关键技术分析

研发项目外包过程存在多源不确定因素,给外包运营管理带来巨大挑战。为应对不确定因素影响,本文将柔性思想运用到研发项目外包管理中,使决策者在外包管理行动上具有灵活性。首先介绍柔性管理以及研发项目柔性外包的概念。其次,对研发项目柔性外包过程进行任务分解,以任务间逻辑关系为依据构建管理框架。最后,归纳柔性外包管理关键技术。本文旨在为决策者提供系统的分析工具,为中小型研发企业应用柔性外包策略提供技术支持。     

中国软件外包企业发展的升级路径研究

探究中国软件外包企业如何突破发展瓶颈,实现产业升级的问题。通过文献回顾归纳出软件外包业的3种模块化治理模式：成本一交易伙伴型、竞争一战略伙伴型和创新一联盟伙伴型。从全球价值链治理模式的视角总结出一个重要结论：研究软件外包企业升级的关键是将升级方式与价值链治理模式关联起来,处于不同治理模式下的软件外包企业将有不同的升级路径,提出了软件外包企业价值链治理模式的升级路径图。     

软件外包项目成功模型研究

由于缺乏对软件外包项目成功概念的清晰全面描述,本文经过文献综述和总结,从客户和供应商双方视角构建出软件外包项目成功的理论模型。模型包括三部分:前端变量—知识学习和服务质量;中间变量—项目绩效和心理绩效;结果变量—组织绩效和关系质量。使用Meta分析对软件外包项目成功因变量进行相关分析,并将Meta分析与SEM相结合(MASEM),对结构模型进行路径分析和拟合分析。本概念模型尝试为软件外包项目成功的研究提供全面综合性视图。     

环境动态性对研发外包强度与企业绩效关系的调节效应研究

随着全球化经济的发展,企业外包环境动态性逐步增强。如何在多变的动态环境下,制定行之有效的研发外包策略是各企业极为关注的关键问题。本文重点阐述了创新型和效率型研发外包强度与绩效的关系在动态环境中的表现。研究结果表明:环境动态性对"效率型研发外包强度—绩效关系"调节效应不明显,而对"创新型研发外包强度—绩效的关系"具有负向调节效应。该结论对于理解、解释中国企业研发外包战略决策及其绩效具有重要的启发意义。     

软件与信息服务外包人才培养模式的研究与实践

在当前国际软件服务外包的大背景下,高等院校面临如何调整学科专业、培养国际软件与信息服务外包的专业人才的问题.结合广东外语外贸大学思科信息学院新申办的教育部特色专业--计算机专业群服务外包方向,对软件与信息服务外包人才培养模式的专业调整、师资队伍、课程体系、校企合作等方面进行探索,提出转变人才培养模式的建议.     

The Egyptian protest movement in the twittersphere: An investigation of dual sentiment pathways of communication

During the course of the Egyptian civil movement in 2011, excessive suppression of the protesters caused a great deal of humanitarian concerns across the world. Egyptian protesters were supported not only in the Arabic-speaking world, but also throughout the English speaking world. The Twittersphere¹ became a valuable arena for individuals to communicate amongst each other regarding important social movement issues. This paper is a study of the communication on Twitterverse consisting of both English and Arabic tweets and the sentiments expressed therein during the Egyptian protest movement. We focus on the research questions: what sentiments of Tweeters relate to signals of protest communication?, and how do protest related tweets in two languages in the Twitter sphere, that are a proxy of two different and important cultural groups, compare with each other? In order to understand the protest communications in Twittersphere, we examine a dual pathways model that relates to emotional and goal related sentiments. We apply this model to examine the online protest in Egypt. Our findings reveal the emotions and goal related sentiments that are fundamental for intention to protest across the two languages. We find that anger, fear, pride and hope were the prime sentiments regarding intention to or support of protest, regardless of language.     

基于中国经验的制造外包主要影响因子研究

本文在Feenstra和Hanson（1996年）、Ahn等（2008年）估算外包比率的方法基础上,运用国际投入产出表,测算了1990年-2008年间中国主要制造业承接美国和日本外包比率水平。数据显示,我国制造业承接美国增幅较大,而承接日本较平缓。之后基于贸易理论,从对象国、类别不同层次实证分析了中国承接美国、日本制造业产业外包的主要影响因子。结果显示：①劳动力投入变量显著负向影响承接不同国家、不同工序类型的外包比率;②单位资本的丰裕程度（资源禀赋）显著正向影响我国承接美国、日本外包的水平,尤其对承接美国的加工品、日本的零配件正向影响明显,但对美国和日本向中国转移资本品业务影响不显著;③企业规模负向影响承接日本的制造外包,并负向影响承接日本加工品和资本品等中间环节业务,但对承接零配件外包业务的影响不显著;企业规模对承接美国的制造外包及不同工序的外包影响不显著;④劳动力生产率对承接不同国家、工序的外包影响不一。     

Knowledge transfer processes in IT outsourcing relationships and their impact on shared knowledge and outsourcing performance

What is the impact of specific knowledge-transfer processes on the level of shared knowledge and, in turn, on outsourcing performance in outsourcing relationships? Drawing on a series of case studies covering IT providers and banks, we investigate several applied knowledge-transfer processes dedicated to the transfer of explicit or tacit knowledge between outsourcing banks and their providers. We examine the differential influence of various types of knowledge transfer on shared knowledge between the parties and on the resulting outsourcing performance. Results depict the differential impact of various knowledge-transfer processes dedicated to the transfer of explicit, or tacit knowledge, respectively, on the development of shared knowledge. Interestingly, the combination of both knowledge-transfer processes dedicated to the transfer of explicit knowledge and those dedicated to the transfer of tacit knowledge proves to be most effective. Furthermore the results indicate that high levels of shared knowledge positively influence outsourcing performance. In addition to previous literature, we found transfer processes for explicit knowledge in an outsourcing context to consist of two dimensions: The content dimension, primarily focused on in literature, and the sender–receiver dimension of transfer processes which are rarely addressed in outsourcing literature. The content dimension embraces mechanisms such as trainings, SLAs and standards that define how content has to be interpreted, whereas the sender–receiver dimension of transfer processes of explicit knowledge defines explicit, documented interaction structures between parties.     

基于扎根方法的IT外包企业创新空间的研究

 IT外包中接包方越来越多地参与创新活动,而与之相应的问题是IT外包企业如何拥有一定的创新空间。对此我们于2010年对16家IT外包公司进行走访及高层访谈,并利用建构型扎根方法对其中9家面向欧美客户提供离岸IT服务的企业的访谈文稿进行分析,对这一问题进行探索性研究。我们使用了适合于质性研究的内容分析软件NVIVO8,获得了IT外包企业创新空间的模型。本研究结果表明：拥有创新空间的IT外包企业具备以下三个能力：知识获取能力、质量控制能力、传统竞争能力。在个人影响力、与客户维持良好关系的伴随影响下,IT外包企业的知识获取能力、质量控制能力和传统竞争能力促进其沟通能力和文化交融能力的形成,再加上比客户在某些技术领域成熟的IT外包技术优势,这三者共同促进IT外包企业创新空间的形成。本研究可为IT外包企业创新空间的定量研究提供基础。     

In the eyes of the beholder: The effect of participant diversity on perceived merits of collaborative innovations

Technological innovations often involve collaboration among firms from diverse industries. Existing literature has largely viewed participant diversity as a conduit for non-redundant information or complementary resources, thereby affecting the ex-post outcomes of innovation projects. However, it is seldom examined how projects are initially evaluated during the resource competition stage. In this study, we develop a theory of diversity as a cognitive primer, asking how collaborators from diverse backgrounds may affect external reviewers’ ex-ante evaluation of potential merits of an innovation project. We argue that there are two logics at work in the process of evaluating innovations: the logic of technological advancement and the logic of market value. When an innovation project involves firms from diverse industries, it may be perceived as having a fuzzier market identity, hence making it less appealing to reviewers who hold with the strong market value logic. However, the penalty associated with participant diversity should be less pronounced among reviewers who hold the technological advancement logic. We also expect the relationship between participant diversity and reviewers’ ratings to be moderated by project novelty and fuzziness of technology category. We find support for our hypotheses with a sample of collaborative innovation projects funded by the Advanced Technology Program of the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology.     

跨国服务外包中的知识转移 —以软件外包为对象

在当代跨国服务外包市场上,以印度为代表的新兴市场国家外包供应商有非常活跃的表现,相关的外包项目也呈现技术含量与管理复杂程度的不断提高,由此引发的理论思考是,服务外包如何作用于接包方的技术发展。本文运用国际化生产的知识管理理论与价值链分析方法,以软件外包为分析对象,通过分解软件外包开发的价值链,研究跨国服务外包内含的知识属性以及知识转移的机制。论文提出:首先,当接包方承接的外包业务沿着软件开发价值链由低端向高端发展,外包活动覆盖的价值链环节呈现知识默会性程度的逐级提高,知识管理方式也从编码化传播为主的管理方式发展为编码化传播与个人沟通两种知识管理方式的组合;其次,发包方外包战略的演进与接包方吸收能力建设是影响知识转移机制最重要的两个因素,跨国企业国际化战略的阶段性演进推动知识转移形态从单方向地知识学习和信息获得发展为合作双方的知识共享与基于双向交流的合作知识管理,引发接包方逐步参与跨国企业的开放式创新体系,实现专业化优势的扩大与综合创新能力的升级。而接包方根据项目要求的组织支持和相关措施也确保了项目发包方、接包方现场团队和接包方离岸团队三主体之间充分的沟通,当接包方辅之以自主技术投入,将有力促进知识转移的转化。     

信息技术外包的项目管理策略研究

服务外包产业是现代高端服务业的重要组成部分,其中的信息技术外包往往涉及的业务领域和技术领域很广,业务和技术方面的差异,决定了项目生命周期组织方式、项目规模和周期差异性的不同,这些项目间差异性,给信息技术外包项目规范化带来了极大的复杂性。项目管理工作应贯穿整个信息技术外包项目的全过程,是项目成功实施、执行、并提供高质量、可靠服务的有利保证。     

编目业务外包的实践与思考——以北京师范大学图书馆为例

以北京师范大学图书馆中文图书编目外包的实践为例,对编目外包的背景、外包人员管理、取得的成果与存在的问题进行探讨,从数据质量、外包人员队伍稳定及编目员角色转换等方面,对如何进一步完善编目外包进行了思考。     

企业项目外包的驱动维度及其演进逻辑

成本作为企业项目外包的原因已为理论和实践广泛接受。驱动企业作出项目外包决策和实施的根源却从来没有进行过系统的探究。通过对既往研究成果的分析,以驱动项目外包的三个维度,即从规模经济、战略定位和信任的建立和强化等三个方面解读了推进企业项目外包的原动力。