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The current study examined the relationship in Spanish (i.e., a transparent orthography) between different levels of phonological awareness and reading disabilities. In addition, the strategies used by the children when they resolved phoneme segmentation and reversal tasks were analyzed. A sample of 133 subjects were selected and organized in three different groups: (1) A group of 45 reading-disabled children, (2) A comparison group of 44 normal readers matched in age with the reading disabled, and (3) A reading level match group of 44 younger normal readers at the same reading level as the reading disabled. Three phonological awareness tasks were used to measure levels of intrasyllabic and phonemic awareness. The reading disabled group was equivalent to the younger reading level-matched control group in the odd-word-out task. However, there were differences in the phonemic tasks (e.g., phoneme segmentation and reversal) because the reading disabled group performed more poorly than the younger children. Overall, the children matched in age with the reading disabled group were superior in all phonological awareness tasks. There were differences between the groups when the strategies used by the children were analyzed. 相似文献
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Peter A. Cohen Barbara J. Ebeling James A. Kulik 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1981,29(1):26-36
This article describes a statistical integration of findings from 74 studies of visualbased college teaching. In the typical
study, students learned slightly more from visual-based instruction than from conventional teaching. In the typical study,
visual-based instruction had no special effect on course completion, student attitudes, or the correlation between aptitude
and achievement. Students were equally likely to complete visual-based and conventional classes; their attitudes toward the
two kinds of classes were very similar; and aptitude played a strong role in determining student achievement in each kind
of class.
This study was supported by National Science Foundation Grant SED 77-18566. 相似文献
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A definition of dyslexia 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
This paper elaborates on the components of a working definition of developmental dyslexia. It follows the general format of
a paper by Lyon published in Annals of Dyslexia in 1995, which elaborated on a working definition proposed in 1994 (Lyon,
1995). The current definition agreed on by the work group updates and expands on the working definition from 1994. 相似文献
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We study the literature on school financial education programs for children and youth via a quantitative meta-analysis of 37 (quasi-) experiments. We find that financial education treatments have, on average, sizeable impacts on financial knowledge (+0.33 SD), similar to educational interventions in other domains. Additionally, we document smaller effects on financial behaviors among students (+0.07 SD). When restricting the sample to 18 randomized experiments average effect sizes are estimated to be about 0.15 SD units on financial knowledge and 0.07 SD units on financial behaviors. These results are robust irrespective of the meta-analytic method used and when accounting for publication bias. Subgroup analyses show the beneficial effect of more intensive treatments, albeit with decreasing marginal returns. 相似文献
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Robertson J 《Journal of learning disabilities》2000,33(2):137-148
The theoretical context of this research is developmental neuropsychology--in particular, the educational implications for the classification of and intervention in specific developmental dyslexia (SDD). Controlled and validated research can help identify optimal teaching methods for groups and individuals. Within this framework, neuropsychological theory can be explored as a medium for improving intervention for pupils with SDD. Neuropsychological stimulation cannot change the macro aspects of the brain but can change its "finetuning" and its response to written text. Within the psycho-neurological approaches, Bakker (1979, 1990, 1998) developed both a diagnostic procedure and empirically investigated intervention procedures. The theory rests on the Balance Model of learning to read, in which differential hemisphere involvement is implicated in beginning and advanced reading. Intervention can take place via hemisphere-specific stimulation using visual or tactile stimulation or hemisphere-alluding stimulation using modified text. Two investigations are presented, one experimental and another clinical. The results support the validity of dyslexia subtyping and the effectiveness of the treatment methods. 相似文献
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Objective
To examine whether Chinese studies of child sexual abuse (CSA) in the general population show lower prevalence rates than other international studies, and whether certain features of these studies may help to account for variation in estimates.Methods
A meta-analysis and meta-regression were conducted on 27 studies found in the English and Chinese language peer reviewed journals that involved general populations of students or residents, estimated CSA prior to age 18, and specified rates for males or females individually.Results
Estimates for Chinese females were lower than the international composites. For total CSA for females, the Chinese pooled estimate was 15.3% (95% CI = 12.6–18.0) based on the meta-analysis of 24 studies, lower than the international estimate (Stoltenborgh, van IJzendoorn, Euser, & Bakermans-Kranenburg, 2011) but not significantly. For contact CSA for females, the pooled estimate was 9.5% (95% CI = 7.5–11.5), based on 16 studies, significantly lower than the international prevalence. For penetrative CSA for females, the pooled estimate was 1% (95% CI = 0.7–1.3), based on 15 studies, significantly lower than the international estimate of 15.1%. Chinese men reported significantly less penetrative CSA but significantly more total CSA than international estimates; while contact CSA reported by Chinese and international males appeared to be roughly equivalent. Chinese CSA prevalence estimates were lower in studies from urban areas and non-mainland areas (Hong Kong and Taiwan), and in surveys with larger and probability samples, multiple sites, face-to-face interview method and when using less widely used instruments.Conclusions
The findings to date justify further research into possible cultural and sociological reasons for lower risk of contact and penetrative sexual abuse of girls and less penetrative abuse of boys in China. Future research should examine sociological explanations, including patterns of supervision, sexual socialization and attitudes related to male sexual prowess.Practice implications
The findings suggest that future general population studies in China should use well validated instruments, avoid face-to-face interview formats and be careful to maintain methodological standards when sampling large populations over multiple sites. 相似文献8.
A cross-sectional study tested Danish students' mastery of links between grammar and spelling (cf. the English link between past tense verbs and the -ed spelling for a word final /t/, e.g., miss
ed vs. mis
t). One hundred and forty-two students aged 10–17 spelled pseudo-word items with ambiguous phonemes, where the choice between a 'conditional' spelling (cf. English ed for /t/) and a simple spelling (cf. t for /t/) was predictable from the grammatical context but not from the sound. Overgeneralisations (conditional spellings used where simple spellings were appropriate) were controlled to obtain pure measures of grammatical spelling competence. The oldest group of participants performed near ceiling on four of five spelling problems studied while three younger groups in the experiment never did. The nature of the apparent grammatical hurdle in Danish spelling acquisition is discussed. 相似文献
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Dr. James A. Kulik Chen-Lin C. Kulik Peter A. Cohen 《Research in higher education》1979,11(4):321-341
The present article describes a statistical synthesis of results from 48 comparative studies of an innovative method of college teaching, Postlethwait's Audio-Tutorial or A-T approach. The analysis showed that in general A-T instruction has a significant but small overall effect on student achievement in college courses, and it has no significant effect on student course evaluations or on course completions. Findings were similar for well-designed and less-well-designed studies included in this analysis, and they were also similar for studies carried out at different types of schools and in different subject areas. Results reported in journals, however, were more favorable to A-T than results found in dissertations and other unpublished reports. 相似文献
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Children with moderate learning disabilities often fail to qualify for special education programs in public schools, but are
ill-suited for placement in private schools concerned with the severely disabled. Parents of such children may place their
hopes in the promises of private teachers or clinics. Yet the quality of services provided in the private sector varies widely.
This paper describes a model program against which parents and private service providers can measure the strengths and weaknesses
of the programs they are concerned with. The model places special emphasis on thorough evaluation, frequent reevaluation,
staff accountability, program flexibility, and recognition of the parents’ role in the child’s education. 相似文献
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A review of studies published between 1980 and 2005 shows a significant positive effect of specialized training on the competency of caregivers in childcare (d = 0.45, S.E. = 0.10). Experimental results from the meta-analysis were significantly smaller for settings with no fixed curriculum content, delivery of the training at multiple sites and large-scale programs. Results were also smaller when tests were used that did not align closely with the content of the training. Furthermore, experimental results were smaller for the skills domain, compared to the knowledge and attitude domain. A subset of experiments with both caregiver and child data also showed a positive effect, supporting the causal link between caregiver training, caregiver competencies and child behavior in childcare, although this effect was not significant due to the small number of studies (d = 0.55, S.E. = 0.30). Based on these findings, we advocate the inclusion of instruction related to teacher–child interaction in the curriculum of vocational training for caregivers. 相似文献
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A biochemical approach to the problem of dyslexia 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
S M Baker 《Journal of learning disabilities》1985,18(10):581-584
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Albert M. Galaburda M.D. 《Annals of dyslexia》1985,35(1):19-33
The discovery of biological substrates underlying medical conditions is an important step for their better understanding and
for the design of appropriate medical therapies. In the case of developmental dyslexia pedagogic treatment may fail, thus
creating a group of individuals in whom medical approaches may be entertained. The biological substrate(s) of developmental
dyslexia has yet to be specified, although a few clues are beginning to emerge. In this review I consider the issue of cerebral
dominance and brain asymmetry, the development of the cerebral cortex and examples of aberrancy, and diseases of the immune
system, all of which relate to recent anatomical and epidemiological findings in developmental dyslexia. These discoveries
have been able to lead to the creation of testable hypotheses which, after appropriate experimental work, are apt to enhance
our current understanding of this and other developmental learning disorders. 相似文献
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This paper reports on the development of a battery of phonological processing tasks to screen adults with dyslexia. The battery
consisted of tasks tapping reversed spoonerism, phonological choice, working memory, and vocabulary with confusable alternatives.
A self-report questionnaire consisting of two scales, one examining symptoms of dyslexia and the other reading interests,
was also constructed. All these tasks showed high discrimination between a group of adults with dyslexia and a control group,
all recruited from adult education centers. The tasks also correlated highly with word recognition. The results of the study
show that it is possible to develop a sensitive battery of “nonvocalized” tasks to screen adults with dyslexia on a group
basis and that self-reports add to the screening. The group administration is both time-saving and cost-effective. 相似文献
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通过对篮球比赛特点的分析 ,指出了篮球比赛中换人战术具体运用的技巧及注意的问题 .为避免换人失误 ,更好地发挥换人战术效果 ,提供参考依据 相似文献