Apprentissage de la déduction

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En marge de l'apprentissage de la déduction

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Problématique dans l'apprentissage de la mathématique

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Réflexions sur l'évolution de l'enseignement de la biologie en Afrique

Summaries

English

The main stages of the evolution of biology teaching in Africa, after the independence of the countries, have been a better adaptation of the curriculum contents to the natural and socio‐cultural environment of each country, i.e. to go beyond a simple formal adaptation and to conceive curricula closer to the needs of African societies, in line with their specific values, and fitting with the cultural level of the pupils and with the preoccupations associated with a peculiar economic and social environment; an improvement of the teaching conditions, which remain difficult due to the lack of teaching aids of all kinds; a promotion of educational research, thanks to the creation and the development of administrative bodies responsible for the training of teachers and for the supervision of their activities. African countries have universities, faculties or schools of education and teacher‐training institutes, which are in charge of the training of biology teachers for secondary schools; they also have adapted their programmes to their needs; but such in‐depth adaptation must continue, so that biology teaching responds better to social evolution, to the new conditions of economic and social change and to new ethical situations.

There remains a lot to be done in the area of elaboration and evaluation of teaching methods and techniques, bearing in mind the great difficulties of the teachers who lack the necessary minimum educational aids, specially in rural areas.

The UNESCO pilot project for the improvement of biology teaching in Africa (1966‐1972) is part of a series of projects dealing with the improvement of school programmes and sponsored by UNESCO. The teaching aids produced for the English‐speaking countries of Africa were a handbook and a teacher's guide concerning an initiation course of biology for the junior level of high schools, as well as a series of loop films for the classroom. The aids produced for the French‐speaking countries of Africa were for the senior level and included booklets and colour slides, for the teachers’ use and not the pupils'; the topics involved African ecology, plants and soils, introduction to human biology, conservation and preservation of biological resources.

As a contribution to the national endeavours of educational reform, UNESCO published in 1974 and 1975 the English, French and Spanish versions, adapted to Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean, of a Teacher's guide on the biology of human populations. This meant to emphasize the necessary adaptation of biology teaching to its social and cultural environment, while presenting the human populations and their relations with their environments. This is a contemporary subject, which also allows the examination of the role of biology and biology teachers’ in the general awareness of environmental problems; a subject which does not need sophisticated equipment or teaching aids, but, rather, appeals to the observation skills of teachers and pupils.

It is true that the African experience has, to some extent, followed a trend which European countries acknowledged several years ago. Adaptation of curriculum content is a long‐term task and is pursued in both kinds of countries. The African experience could certainly be beneficial to European curriculum designers. The production of all kinds of teaching aids, of various degree of complexity, in the national language, as well as the evaluation of relevant teaching methods and techniques, are areas of acute shortage, where bilateral as well as multilateral assistance could be most fruitful.     

Différentes représentations utilisant la notion de barycentre

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L'histoire de l'éducation au Brésil: traditions historiographiques et processus de rénovation de la discipline

Since the end of the 1980s, Brazilian histoty of education bas been redefined by new historiographical currents. The process of redefinition has taken on particular characteristics because of theoretical and institutional factors involved in the evolution of the discipline as afield of research. The new trends run counter to the historiographical model that dominated the post‐graduate programmes in education of the main Brazilian universities since the 1970s. This model originated in the 1930s and 1940s with the publication of reference works for educational history research. The present essay examines the process of reconfiguration of the discipline with a view to evaluating the restrictions that were imposed upon it.     

Mathématiques de la vie quotidienne au Burkina Faso: une analyse de la pratique sociale de comptage et de vente de mangues

Mathematics teaching in Burkina Faso is faced with major challenges (high illiteracy rates, students’ difficulties, and high failure rates in mathematics, which is a central topic in the curriculum). As evidenced in many of these studies, mathematics is reputed to be tough, inaccessible, and far from what students live daily. Students here look as though they are living in two seemingly distant worlds, school and everyday life. In order to better understand these difficulties and to contribute in the long run to a more adapted teaching of mathematics, we tried to document and elicit the “mathematical resources” mobilized in various daily life social practices. In this paper, we focus on one of them, the counting and selling of mangoes by unschooled peasants. An ethnographic approach draws on the observation of the situated activity of counting and selling mangoes (during harvesting) and on “eliciting interviews” of the involved actors. The analysis of results highlights a richness of structuring resources mobilized and distributed through this practice, related to what Lave (1988) call “the experienced lived-in-world” and “constitutive order.” The mathematical resources take the form of “knowledge in action” and “theorems in action” (Vergnaud, Rech Didact Math 10(23):133–170, 1990), embedded in the social, economic, and even cultural structures of actors.     

Nécessité de promouvoir la méthode de suggestion dans l＇enseignement

Ｎéｃｅｓｓｉｔé ｄｅ ｐｒｏｍｏｕｖｏｉｒ ｌａ ｍéｔｈｏｄｅ ｄｅｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｉｏｎｄａｎｓｌ＇ｅｎｓｅｉｇｎｅｍｅｎｔＧｕｏＱｕａｎ－ｚｈｏｎｇＤｅｐｕｉｓｌｅｓ８０，ｊｅｍｅｌｉｖｒｅａｕｔｒａｖａｉｌｄ＇ｅｎｓｅｉｇｎａｎｔｄｕｆｒ?..     

Modalités de la pensée mathématique d'élèves de douze ans devant des problèmes de pavages

Resumé Le présent article est d'abord une analyse d'un enseignement dans lequel des élèves de douze ans ont traité des problèmes de pavages polygonaux et progressé à cette occasion dans leur apprentissage de la géométrie plane. L'analyse, qui a porté principalement sur les processus de pensée des élèves, aboutit à rassembler ces processus en deux catégories principales: ceux qui relèvent d'une pensée dite instantanée et qui se manifestent surtout par des constats ou des conjectures rapides, et ceux qui sont plutôt discursifs et apparaissent principalement dans les activités de dessin et l'argumentation des preuves.Cet article contient aussi une comparaison de l'enseignement mentionné ci-dessus avec celui réalisé par D. van Hiele sur le même thème et analysé dans sa thèse de doctorat (1957).

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Forms of mathematical thought of twelve years old students at tiling problems

The main part of this paper consists in an analysis of the activities of twelve years old students solving problems of polygonal tilings and improving on this occasion their knowledge of plane geometry. The analysis, bearing principally on the thinking processes of the students, results in a presentation of these processes in two principal categories: those which belong to what may be called the instantaneous thinking and result mainly in the perception of some simple structures or in some swift conjectures, and those which are of a more discursive nature and appear mainly in the drawing activities and in the argumentation of the proofs.This paper contains also a comparison of the above mentioned teaching with the analogous one organized on the same theme (tilings of the plane) by D. van Hiele, and analysed in her Ph.D. (1957).

     

Comprendre l'éducation physique à partir de la comparaison: le cas de la France et de l' Espagne

Le but principal de cet article est de comparer à partir des textes législatifs, des enquêtes ministérielles et européennes, et des revues spécialisées en France et en Espagne les propriétés de deux organisations scolaires singulières nommées «éducation prioritaire» ainsi que les mises en ?uvre de l'éducation physique. En nous appuyant sur l'approche de la construction sociale, nous présentons comment ces deux pays européens organisent cet enseignement dans les milieux défavorisés. Une analyse des aspects visibles du système éducatif à l'aide d'indicateurs généralistes (organisation des études, formation des enseignants, dépenses publiques) aurait laissé envisager d'importantes différences. Cependant, la comparaison à l'aide d'indicateurs «plus fins» des mises en ?uvre de l'éducation physique dans les écoles traditionnelles (poids de l'éducation physique, préoccupations gouvernementales et celles des enseignants, programmes d'enseignement) puis dans les milieux difficiles ZEP et CAEP (choix didactiques et pédagogiques) indique de fortes similitudes. Ces différences de résultats soulignent l'intérêt des analyses comparatives secondaires et la nécessité de considérer des analyses détaillées.

The main aim of this study is to compare two particular school organisations labelled ‘priority education’ in France and Spain, in relation to physical education using laws, ministerial and European surveys, and specialised journals. The social constructivist approach has been used to describe how both these European countries organise the teaching of physical education in under‐privileged environments. The analysis of the visible aspects of these educational systems with general indicators (organisation of studies, teacher education, public expenses) seems to imply differences. However, the comparison using more detailed data in the implementation of physical education in traditional schools (weight of the physical education in the system, governmental and teachers concerns, teaching programmes) indicates strong similarities. In addition, didactic and pedagogic choices in physical education in under‐privileged schools appear to be quite similar. These results underline the interest of secondary comparative studies and the necessity of taking into account detailed analyses.     

Luigi Stefanini — Membre du Conseil de Rédaction de la Revue

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Lectura y escritura de palabras a través de la ruta fonologica

Resumen

En este trabajo se investigó si los mecanismos encargados de transformar los grafemas en fonemas son los mismos que transforman los fonemas en grafemas, que funcionan en ambas direcciones o si por el contrario se trata de mecanismos independientes. Para ello se presentó una lista de 40 pseudopalabras para su lectura y escritura a 104 niños de los primeros niveles de escolaridad. Los datos obtenidos parecen indicar que se trata de procesos distintos, ya que no existe concordancia entre las respuestas obtenidas en una y otra tarea. Niños que transformaban correctamente determinados grafemas en fonemas fallaban al convertir esos mismos fonenas en grafemas, y viceversa. Estos resultados podrían tener importantes implicaciones en el aprendizaje de la lectura y la escritura.     

Un exemple de cadre conceptuel pour létude de l'enseignement de la géométrie en formation des maîtres

We are interested in the teaching of geometry to primary school (children from 3 to 11) teachers. We define a priori a conceptual frame, which organises geometry upon three kinds of knowledge: intuition, experience and deduction. Drawing on Gonseth's works, we bring out three syntheses of elementary geometry: natural geometry (geometry I), natural axiomatic geometry (geometry II) and formalist axiomatic geometry (geometry III). Next we illustrate this conceptual frame with examples of teaching geometry. Last we bring out different conceptions of geometry in scholar system which could lead to cross purposes.This revised version was published online in September 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Quelques aspects didactiques du développement de la pensée des enfants dans les mathématiques et la physique

Sans résuméConférence tenue au Congrès sur l'Intégration des enseignements scientifiques, à Varna, 11–19 septembre 1968.     

Análisis de la interacción maestro-alumnos durante la resolución de problemas aritméticos

Resumen

El presente trabajo pretende destacar la relevancia de los procesos comunicativos entre profesores y alumnos dentro del aula. El artículo describe un sistema de análisis desarrolladopor los autores, centrado en un contenido específico de aprendizaje: la resolución de problemas aritmético verbales. Partiendo de una transcripción real, se desarrolla el análisis de las producciones comunicativas, los episodios y las secuencias interactivas. Basándose en las aportaciones de la psicología del aprendizaje (enfoque socio-culturaly constructivista) y de la instrucción (enfoque cognitivo sobre los procesos implicados en la tarea de resolución de problemas aritméticos verbales), los autores proponen diferentes alternativaspara enriquecer la interacción que ha servido de ejemplo.     

El profesorado frente a la discriminación de género: uso de la retroalimentación

Resumen

Esta investigación muestra los resultados de un estudio observacional sobre la discriminación de género en Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria. Tras la aplicación de una escala de observación durante 48 sesiones de Educación Física, el estudio pretende valorar las dimensiones relacionadas con la retroalimentación dada por el profesorado y su influencia en la construcción equitativa del género del alumnado. Para ello, se realizó una observación sistematizada por categorías sobre 198 estudiantes. Los niveles de significatividad se obtuvieron a través de la prueba H de Kruskal-Wallis, estableciendo valores inferiores a 0,05 para rechazar la hipótesis nula, y concluyendo, por tanto, la existencia de una relación estadísticamente significativa, con nivel de confianza del 95%o para los datos obtenidos. Se encontraron conductas sexistas en la cantidad, objetivo y forma de retroalimentación. Por el contrario, no se observaron conductas sexistas en la dirección de la misma.     

Acerca de la enseñanza de la lengua oral

La enseñanza de la lengua oral es tan importante como la enseñanza de la lengua escrita. Ambos procesos de enseñanza/aprendizaje son objetivos de etapa y no de área, es decir que durante todas las etapas de educación obligatoria (infantil, primaria y secundaria), los objetivos referidos al lenguaje, ya sea oral o escrito, requieren una metodología compleja, una minuciosa planificación, y evidentemente una evaluación, que si bien deben priorizarse en el área de lengua, conciernen a todas las áreas del currículum. Los autores nos presentan un conjunto de criterios para la programación de actividades de enseñanza/aprendizaje de la lengua.     

Implicaciones de la teoría de la privación verbal de Basil Bernstein en el ámbito de la didáctica de la lengua y la literatura

Resumen

En este artículo se comenta un aspecto de la sociología del lenguaje a través de la teoría de los códigos de Basil Bernstein y sus implicaciones para la didáctica de la lengua y la literatura, avanzando ideas sobre cómo tratar en el aula las diferencias en el uso de códigos lingüísticos entre el alumnado. Como propuesta se apunta el aprendizaje cooperativo, y como una modalidad del mismo, los talleres de Lengua y Literatura.