Practices and opinions reported by coordinators of graduate programs

Information is presented about the organization of graduate studies, based on questionnaire responses of 582 coordinators of Canadian graduate programs. These coordinators, who were representative of disciplines and geographic regions, provided information about a wide range of matters, including enrolments, staff, admissions, supervision, research, publications, financial support, teaching experience, and completion rates and times. Many substantial differences were noted among the percentage frequencies of responses for departments classified by discipline and size. For example, students were perceived to choose their doctoral theses topics themselves much more frequently in education, social sciences, and humanities than in engineering, medical sciences, physical sciences, and biological sciences. Also, departments with smaller numbers of full-time graduate students tended to provide all doctoral students, with some teaching experience to a greater extent than did larger departments.     

实践的自由与美的范畴

人，作为个体的生存，从实践（以物质生产为中心）出发才逐步生成，而在实足走向创造的过程中，人们才不断达到一定的自由境界。正是人的实践－创造的自由使自然人化，人也人化，从而产生出人对现实的审美关系；这种审美关系体现对象之上就是美，而体现在人本身之上则是美感。人类的实践－创造的自由同样是一个历时性的过程和一个共时性的结构，因此，它不仅有不同的自由程度和不同的自由境界，而且还有自由，反自由，不自由，准自由等几个维度；与这些不同的自由给度相关便形成了美，丑，柔美，刚美，悲剧性，喜剧性，滑稽，幽默的相应的美的范畴，并形成各个美的范畴之间的过渡，转化，对应等关系，从而形成一个完整的美的范畴体系。     

论罗蒂协同性实用主义的反哲学本性

理查德·罗蒂立足后现代主义、解构主义、文化自由主义、相对主义和后哲学文化论,建立的协同性实用主义,批判分析哲学、现象学、传统的认识论、反映论、符合论和真理观,肯定解释学的功能与教化作用,否定客观性、绝对性、永恒性和不变性,反对理性主义、科学主义和实在论,主张解构形而上学,创立无冕哲学,提倡工具主义、约定主义、实用主义、多元主义,以及心灵与社会的协同性作用。     

劳伦斯与非理性主义

以叔本华、尼采、弗洛伊德为代表的非理性主义是劳伦斯小说创作的思想基础。受叔本华影响,劳伦斯把生存意志作为人物行动的基本动力,这主要表现为向性力和精神占有欲。受尼采影响,劳伦斯赞美躯体,重视生命的内在能量和自我超越性,并与基督教决裂,成为西方基督教道德观的激烈批判者。劳伦斯在性与无意识这两个领域,对弗洛伊德精神分析理论有接受,也有超越。弗洛伊德与劳伦斯都把性、无意识与文明对立起来,但弗洛伊德进行的是否定性研究,强调对其疏导和控制,劳伦斯则认为性与无意识是原初的创造性力量,是生活的源泉,是对抗人之社会化和理性化的正面力量。非理性主义丰富和深化了劳伦斯对现代人心理世界的理解,加强了他的小说的社会批判力量。     

湘东南栖霞组底部史塔夫(Staffela)类动物群的发现

着重描述湖南邵东保和堂柳东早二叠世早期栖霞组底部首次发现的史塔夫 (Staffella)类动物群 ,共 5属 2 0种 ,这五属分别是史塔夫亚科的 Staffella,Pseudoendothyra,Nankinella和卡勒亚科的 Sphaerulina,Pisolina.该类动物群笔者曾命名为 Pseudoendothyra jazvensis带 .这一发现不仅填补了湘东南栖霞组生物地层学研究的空白 ,而且对我国南方石炭、二叠纪的生物地层划分提供了新的依据     

论教法设计的七要素——兼答美国人校长拉塞尔·S·比彻

作为教法中的教学模式系统,是由要素构成的。已有的成功的教学模式,其所构成的共同要素是:目、趣、序、思、练、诊、结七者。     

Opening Possibilities in Experimental Science and its History: Critical Explorations with Pendulums and Singing Tubes

A teacher and a college student explore experimental science and its history by reading historical texts, and responding with replications and experiments of their own. A curriculum of ever-widening possibilities evolves in their ongoing interactions with each other, history, and such materials as pendulums, flame, and resonant singing tubes. Narratives illustrate how questions, observations, and developments emerge in class interactions, along with the pair’s reflections on history and research. This study applies the research pedagogy of critical exploration, developed by Eleanor Duckworth from the interviewing of Piaget and Inhelder and exploratory activities of the 1960s Elementary Science Study. Complexity as the subject matter opens up possibilities which foster curiosity among participants. Like Galileo, Tyndall, Xu Shou, and others, this student recurrently came upon new physical behaviors. His responses to these phenomena enabled him to learn from yet other unexpected happenings. These explorations have implications for opening up classrooms to unforeseen possibilities for learning.

Teaching . . . is more about a conscientious participation in expanding the space of the possible by creating the conditions for the emergence of the not-yet-imaginable. . . . Teaching, like learning, is not about convergence onto a pre-established truth, but about divergence - about broadening what can be known and done. In other words, the emphasis is not on what is, but what might be brought forth. Teaching thus comes to be a participation in a recursively elaborative process of opening up new spaces of possibility while exploring current spaces. (Davis & Sumara, 2007, p. 64)

     

A view of Newton as a mathematician

In this article, we present certain topics such as quadrature of planar regions, introduced prior to the invention of calculus by Newton, and consider his other mathematical contributions, to binomial theorem and infinite series, cubics, theory of equations and imaginary roots. As the development of calculus and its enormous applications are well known, we will not discuss much about it. Earlier, he was in TIFR, Bangalore. His research interests include partial differential equations, homogenization, controllability and control problems, analysis, etc.     

基于ICM理论的隐性衔接语篇连贯解读

隐性衔接语篇连贯指的是不含显性衔接手段,如替代,省略,重复等,实现语义连贯的语篇。作为一种特殊的语言现象,隐性衔接语篇也是一种心理上的表征,是人类对认识世界的经验总结从语言上的反应。理想化认识模型（ICM）是人们在特定的文化背景中对某领域中的经验和知识所作出的抽象的、统一的、理想化的理解,它具有关联性、选择性、典型性,体验性等特征。正是因为人类对认知世界的体验,形成各种认知模型（CM）,而认知模型（CM）稳定而有规律,具有典型性特征。在认知过程中,各种认知模型（CM）之间的互相关联与相互选择,正好为人们解读隐性衔接语篇提供了认知上的新视角。     

Nanotechnology and Nanoscale Science: Educational challenges

Nanotechnology has been touted as the next ‘industrial revolution’ of our modern age. In order for successful research, development, and social discourses to take place in this field, education research is needed to inform the development of standards, course development, and workforce preparation. In addition, there is a growing need to educate citizens and students about risks, benefits, and social and ethical issues related to nanotechnology. This position paper describes the advancements that have been made in nanoscale science and nanotechnology, and the challenges that exist to educate students and the public about critical nanoscience concepts. This paper reviews the current research on nanotechnology education including curricula, educational programs, informal education, and teacher education. Furthermore, the unique risks, benefits and ethics of these unusual technological applications are described in relation to nanoeducation goals. Finally, we outline needed future research in the areas of nanoscience content, standards and curricula, nanoscience pedagogy, teacher education, and the risks, benefits, and social and ethical dimensions for education in this emerging field.     

二芳基乙烯化合物的合成及光致变色性能研究

在氮气保护下,制备了3种二芳基乙烯化合物1o、2o 和3o,通过核磁共振进行结构表征,运用紫外-可见吸收光谱对其光致变色性能进行研究。在紫外光照射下,3种化合物在可见光区均出现了特征的关环吸收峰,最大吸收波长分别为440、511和605nm,溶液的颜色分别由无色变为黄色、红色和蓝色,到达光稳态时间分别为150、160和600s。到达光稳态的溶液在可见光照射下,发生开环反应,溶液颜色由有色恢复到无色。实验结果表明,乙烯环与二芳基不同位点的连接影响着二芳基乙烯分子的π-π共轭性,从而影响化合物的光致变色性能。     

A tripartite taxonomy of character: Evidence for intrapersonal,interpersonal, and intellectual competencies in children

Other than cognitive ability, what competencies should schools promote in children? How are they organized, and to what extent do they predict consequential outcomes? Separate theoretical traditions have suggested interpersonal, intrapersonal, and intellectual dimensions, reflecting how children relate to other people, manage their own goals and impulses, and engage with ideas, respectively. However, very little work has examined character empirically. In the current investigation, we partnered with middle schools that had previously identified character strengths relevant in their communities. Across three longitudinal, prospective studies, we examined the factor structure of character, associations with intelligence and Big Five personality traits, and predictive validity for consequential outcomes like peer relations, class participation, and report card grades. In Study 1, teachers rated their students on behaviors exemplifying character strengths as they played out in students’ daily lives. Exploratory factor analyses yielded a three-factor structure consisting of interpersonal (interpersonal self-control, gratitude, social intelligence), intellectual (zest, curiosity), and intrapersonal (academic self-control, grit) factors of character. In Study 2, children rated their own behavior and completed a test of cognitive ability. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the same three-factor structure, and these factors were only weakly associated with cognitive ability. In Study 3, teachers provided character ratings; in parallel, students completed measures of character as well as Big Five personality factors. As expected, intellectual, interpersonal, and intrapersonal character factors related to Big Five openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, respectively. Across studies, positive peer relations were most consistently predicted by interpersonal character, class participation by intellectual character, and report card grades by intrapersonal character. Collectively, our findings support a tripartite taxonomy of character in the school context.     

Tier 3 specialized writing instruction for students with dyslexia

Two instructional experiments used randomized, controlled designs to evaluate the effectiveness of writing instruction for students with carefully diagnosed dyslexia, which is both an oral reading and writing disorder, characterized by impaired word decoding, reading, and spelling. In Study 1 (4th to 6th grade sample and 7th to 9th grade sample), students were randomly assigned to orthographic or morphological spelling treatment but all students were taught strategies for planning, writing, and reviewing/revising narrative and expository texts. Both treatments resulted in improvement on three measures of spelling and one measure of composition. Morphological treatment resulted in better improvement in spelling pseudowords, whereas orthographic treatment resulted in better improvement in rate of reading pseudowords. In Study 2 (4th to 6th grade sample), students were randomly assigned to explicit language treatment (phonological working memory + phonological-orthographic spelling + science report writing training) or nonverbal problem solving treatment (virtual reality-based computer simulation, drawing maps, and building clay models). Both treatments used science content material and resulted in significant improvement in spelling and reading pseudowords (accuracy and rate). The surprising finding was that hands-on, engaging science problem solving led to more improvement in phonological working memory than did specialized phonological instruction. Only when spelling instruction emphasized orthography or morphology (Study 1) did real word spelling improve. Preparation of this chapter was supported by Grant Nos. HD25858 and P50 33812 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). In Study 1 teaching assistants included Sylvia Abbott, Marci Anderson-Youngstrom, Belle Chennault, Kate Eschen, Noelia Garcia, Sandra Hiramatsu, Lynn Junell, Julia Kim, Stephanie King, Shin-Ju (Cindy) Lin, Rebecca Metzger, Heather Murphy, Jennifer Norton, Sue Palewicz, Rebecca Pirie, and Suzanna West. Also on the assessment team were Sylvia Abbott, Belle Chenault, Kate Eschen, and Rebecca Pirie. Certified teachers Diana Hoffer and Christina Johnson implemented the composition lessons written by the first author. In Study 2, teaching assistants included Nicole Alston-Abel, Leah Altemeier, Wade Altom, Marci Anderson-Youngstrom, Annie Boyd, Nicole Garcia, Laura Gould, Marta Holsinger, Yen-Ling Lee, Shin-Ju (Cindy) Lin, Laurie McCarthy, Heather Murphy, Hema O’Shea, Michelle Proux, Kristine Tardiff, and Kari Terjeson. Janine Jones supervised the assessment team. Margaret McShane and Doug Stock served as administrative assistants.     

自传文学关键词

论文尝试从关键词的角度,旨在探讨自传文学的概念、范围、属性及其文类规范和审美特性,着重剖析了自传、自传与传记、自传与自传小说的区分以及自传记忆和忏悔等关键词,以期促进当代自传诗学的构建。     

《齐民要术》指称植物的量词“科”及其演变

用于指称植物的量词"科"最晚在魏晋时期就已经出现,《齐民要术》用例很多。"科"主要指称二类草本植物:一是从地下分蘖,长出许多枝茎,即一蔸由若干枝茎组成的草本植物,如禾、麦、蒜、麻等;二是从根部分出若干枝条,呈丛生状态的草本植物,如蓝、瓜、苜蓿等。后世虽然偶尔用于指称茶树、石榴之类的低矮灌木,但仍以草本植物为主。这种量词"科"今天已经消失,但不是被"棵"所取代。     

市场经济条件下政府职能与财政政策刍议

经济社会由市场和政府两部分组成。市场经济条件下市场的作用是基础性的,但是市场也有缺陷和失灵。政府职能主要在于为市场经济的有效运行创造良好的外部环境,政府也可能失灵和失误。市场经济在不同的国家和不同的时期有形式上的差异。中国政府的职能作用因其历史传统、人口和国家规模及经济发展水平的特点而具有独特性。财政是政府行政的经济基础和物质保障,具有资源配置、收入分配、稳定经济的功能,必须以市场经济对政府的规范     

学生文化的成因与特征分析

学生文化是一种生活方式,它是学生群体所具有的独特的言行、观念的总和。学生文化的形成与学生身心发展特征、同辈群体交往、师生关系、家庭、校内外文化等多方面因素有关,从而其具有不断被濡化和生成涵化性,过渡性,情境性与多样性等特征。     

黄冈市旅游产业开发定位的思考

旅游产业是从产业目的出发,以旅游生产力六要素:食、住、行、游、购、娱为核心,以旅行社为产业龙头,由一系列行业部门组成的社会、经济、文化、环境整合产业。开发地区旅游产业首先必须进行科学的定位,本文以黄冈市旅游产业发展的现状为基础,探讨了黄冈市旅游产业的旅游形象、客源市场、消费档次、引资方向和旅游产品开发等方面的定位问题。     

语境对二语习得的影响

本文回顾了二语习得中语境研究的过程,介绍了语境的定义和分类,探讨了主要的三种语境,即国内语境、国内沉浸语境和国外语境,对第二语言的学习在流利性、交际策略、语音和词汇句法方面的影响。     

山水画创作弊病与防治

创作者，尤其是初学者在进行山水画创作时．在笔墨的运用、构图与色彩的处理、精神的把握、题款的运用等方面会出现的如用笔平均、用墨板滞、构图布置迫塞等等弊病．如何运用相应的对策克服这些病忌．是每一位创造者都无法避之的问题。