The Origins of Parenting Stress During the Transition to Parenthood: A New Family Model

This paper describes the origins of parenting stress, defined both as tensions in the parent–child relationship and as broader changes in five family domains as men and women make the transition from couple to family life. Despite significant change in their average level of functioning, parents show continuity in their level of adaptation from pregnancy through the first five years of parenthood. Parenting stress emerges from the context of parents' individual and marital adaptation before the child is born. It is possible to identify expectant parents who are at risk for later parenting stress and lower well-being across employment and family domains. Path analyses show that men's and women's prior well-being and their involvement in paid work during pregnancy are associated with higher parenting stress—and lower self-esteem, marital satisfaction, family work satisfaction, and job satisfaction—two years later when their babies are 18months old. Stress in the parent–child relationship at 18 months postpartum compounds preexisting stress in other family domains to reduce well-being in other aspects of family life. Links among parenting stress, parenting quality, and children's adaptation to school lead to suggestions for preventive interventions early in the family life cycle.     

Parenting Practices in Preschool Leading to Later Cognitive Competence: A Family Stress Model

Research Findings: This study investigates the effect of the early home environment on self-regulation in preschoolers, and how self-regulation relates to later school achievement, while taking into account family resources. Participants were part of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development's Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Our model tested paths from family income and maternal depression through parenting to dyadic and child outcomes, including attachment, self-regulation, and child cognitive outcomes in the 1st grade. Findings indicated that family income and maternal depression had a substantial effect on parenting practices. Children whose parents did not display negative affect toward them during episodes of depression were more likely to maintain healthy attachment styles. Parenting, which was directly affected by family income, was the most important predictor of children's cognitive development. Practice or Policy: Regarding implications for practice, this research indicates that parents who provide a safe and stimulating environment for their children, despite limited financial resources or mental health issues, are more likely to have children who are prepared for school. School counselors, child care administrators, and policymakers should be aware of the importance of parenting to school success and should provide opportunities for parent education and involvement during the first years of life.     

Family Routines and School Readiness During the Transition to Kindergarten

Research Findings: Using data from 3,250 participants in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort, we used structural equation modeling to investigate whether family routines (e.g., bedtime routine, reading routine) established in preschool predict children’s school readiness (i.e., academic skills, social-emotional skills, and physical health) in kindergarten, a foundational year for establishing children’s academic trajectories. Analyses revealed that higher levels of routines in preschool were associated with greater declines in teacher-reported conduct problems and hyperactive/inattentive behavior and greater gains in prosocial behaviors from preschool to kindergarten. Higher routines also predicted greater gains in both reading and mathematics scores as well as greater improvements in physical health. Telling stories appears to be the most salient routine for children’s social-emotional outcomes, whereas bedtime routines most strongly predicts differences in children’s academic skills and health outcomes. Practice or Policy: The results suggest that family routines may be an important tool for preparing and supporting children and parents for the kindergarten transition even before school entry.     

关于转型期间重点高中办学模式的思考

当前，处于从应试教育向素质教育转型之中的重点高中要在未来保持强大的生命力，根本问题是要改革目前的办学现状，根据社会需求不断发展、更新办学模式。改革重点高中的办学模式须从以下几个方面努力：一、重点高中的办学思想应避免“民族中心倾向”、“固守教条倾向”；二、转型期间重点高中应正确认识与坚持全面发展的培养目标；三、重点高中应转型为示范性普通高中。     

Distress Tolerance and Emotion Regulation: Promoting Maternal Well-Being Across the Transition to Parenthood

Objective. This study examined the association between newborns’ daily crying and five measures of new mothers’ emotional states. Design. One hundred seven new mothers responded via a one-time, anonymous, online survey that assessed their stress, well-being, emotion regulation, frustration, and coping skills. Mothers also reported their infant’s daily cry duration. Results. Average daily crying was related to mothers’ emotional experiences, and relations also existed among the five mental health measures. Regression models indicate the strongest predictors of frustration were infant’s average cry duration, maternal well-being, and infant’s health status at enrollment. Conclusion. Mental health professionals can support families through the normative, but often stressful, experience of their infant’s cries. However, a re-evaluation of the clinical criteria for excessive crying is needed, as the results suggest that mothers whose infants cry considerably less than the widely used Wessel’s 3-hour-per-day criterion for excessive crying experience significant negative mental health.     

The Mediating Role of Parenting Stress in Methadone-Maintained Mothers' Parenting

Objective. To (1) examine the subjective experience of parenting stress as a mediator between 2 distal stressors (sociodemographic risk and global psychological maladjustment), and examine the parenting of methadone-maintained mothers, and (2) identify maladaptive and adaptive parenting correlates of specific types of parenting stress. Design. We analyzed baseline data from interviews conducted with 74 methadone-maintained mothers who expressed interest in a randomized clinical trial study testing the efficacy of a relational parenting intervention. Baseline measures included questionnaires on maternal psychological maladjustment, parenting stress, parenting problems, and children's maladjustment. Three series of hierarchical linear regressions were conducted to test the mediation model and specificity of associations. Results. Parenting stress mediated the associations between sociodemographic risk and 2 maladaptive parenting domains (aggression and neglect) and between psychological maladjustment and all 5 parenting domains examined (aggression, neglect, affective interactions, limit setting, and autonomy), although correlations were modest. Child-focused stress was associated with higher levels of aggression, limit-setting problems, and restricted autonomy. Stress derived from the mother - child relationship was associated with higher levels of neglect and affective withdrawal. Conclusions. Although preliminary in nature, results of this study indicate the importance of understanding the role of internal mechanisms (e.g., parenting stress) in the parenting processes of addicted women and examining specific correlates of their parenting problems.     

The Mediating Role of Parenting Stress in Methadone-Maintained Mothers' Parenting

OBJECTIVE: To (1) examine the subjective experience of parenting stress as a mediator between 2 distal stressors (sociodemographic risk and global psychological maladjustment), and examine the parenting of methadone-maintained mothers, and (2) identify maladaptive and adaptive parenting correlates of specific types of parenting stress. DESIGN: We analyzed baseline data from interviews conducted with 74 methadone-maintained mothers who expressed interest in a randomized clinical trial study testing the efficacy of a relational parenting intervention. Baseline measures included questionnaires on maternal psychological maladjustment, parenting stress, parenting problems, and children's maladjustment. Three series of hierarchical linear regressions were conducted to test the mediation model and specificity of associations. RESULTS: Parenting stress mediated the associations between sociodemographic risk and 2 maladaptive parenting domains (aggression and neglect) and between psychological maladjustment and all 5 parenting domains examined (aggression, neglect, affective interactions, limit setting, and autonomy), although correlations were modest. Child-focused stress was associated with higher levels of aggression, limit-setting problems, and restricted autonomy. Stress derived from the mother - child relationship was associated with higher levels of neglect and affective withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS: Although preliminary in nature, results of this study indicate the importance of understanding the role of internal mechanisms (e.g., parenting stress) in the parenting processes of addicted women and examining specific correlates of their parenting problems.     

论家庭教养方式与青少年社会化

在家庭教育中,家庭教养方式是影响青少年社会化的重要因素,采取不同的家庭教养方式往往对青少年的社会化带来完全不同的效果。文章分析了不同家庭教养方式对青少年社会化的影响,并针对这些影响提出家庭教育的策略。     

Six Dimensions of Parenting: A Motivational Model

Objective. A motivational conceptualization provided the basis for identifying 6 core features of parenting style (warmth, rejection, structure, chaos, autonomy support, and coercion) and constructing 2 measures to assess them (1 for parents and 1 for children). Design. Self-report data were collected from independent samples of parents (N = 1212, 645 mothers and 567 fathers) and adolescent children (N = 3,752). Results. Models of multiple (unipolar) dimensions provided a significantly better fit than traditional models of bipolar dimensions. Moreover, correlations among dimensions suggested that dimensions can be aggregated in several ways. Conclusion. The conceptual framework and measures can contribute to future work on parenting, including research designed to map the many constructs that describe parenting, and studies that explore how parenting style shapes child and adolescent outcomes.     

Family Needs,and Self-Efficacy During a Child's Social Support Transition to School

The needs of families of young children with handicaps were examined in relationship to the transition from an early intervention/preschool program to school placements. The results showed that needs became less pronounced during and after a transition compared to the time period during which transition planning occurred, and that the self-efficacy of the parents during and following transitions was positively influenced by social support and the interaction between transition time and social support. The implications of the findings for promoting effective transitions are discussed, especially the importance of identifying and responding to both child- and family-level needs if broad-based social influences are to be assured as a result of transition activities.     

Family Needs, and Self-Efficacy During a Child's Social Support Transition to School

The needs of families of young children with handicaps were examined in relationship to the transition from an early intervention/preschool program to school placements. The results showed that needs became less pronounced during and after a transition compared to the time period during which transition planning occurred, and that the self-efficacy of the parents during and following transitions was positively influenced by social support and the interaction between transition time and social support. The implications of the findings for promoting effective transitions are discussed, especially the importance of identifying and responding to both child- and family-level needs if broad-based social influences are to be assured as a result of transition activities.     

过渡中的吴公馆——论《子夜》中的家族形态

吴公馆不同于古代大家族和封建大家庭,是新旧时代更迭的过渡产物;公馆是都市场域与家族场域融合共生的产物,它包裹着新的生活方式,产生了新的经济型人伦关系。而此种新的家庭特质具有两面特性,一方面公馆内部产生革新,另一方面也产生诸多家庭问题。吴公馆内部并未产生与民主社会概念配套的生存法则,具有过渡的文化意义。     

Parenting Stress as a Mediator of the Relation Between Parenting Support and Optimal Parenting

Objective. This study assessed the direct and indirect relations between 2 types of social support - parenting support and general social support - and optimal parenting. Design. Self-report data were gathered from 165 married mothers of firstborn 4th-graders between the ages of 9 and 11 years. Widely accepted measures of warmth, monitoring, general psychological distress, parenting stress, and general social support were used. A measure of parenting support from family and friends was developed for this study. Results. Path analysis indicated that the relation between specific parenting support and optimal parenting was completely mediated by parenting stress and not by general psychological distress. The relation between general social support and optimal parenting was not completely mediated by either parenting stress or general psychological distress. Conclusions. This study integrated essential components from the social support, stress and coping, and parenting research. The authors identify parenting stress as a mediator of the relation between parenting support and optimal parenting by focusing on the specificity of social support and stress in the domain of parenting.     

Transition to Kindergarten: Family Experiences and Involvement

The transition to kindergarten is an important developmental milestone for young children, their families, and teachers. Preparing students for successful kindergarten transition has been identified as a national priority, yet the degree to which parents are involved in kindergarten preparation is rarely considered. This study investigated the family experiences and involvement in kindergarten transition in 132 families whose children had completed early education programs and were beginning kindergarten. Results suggest that the majority of families wanted more involvement in the transition to kindergarten planning and wanted information about kindergarten readiness, including academic and behavioral expectations. The top concerns expressed by families were attending a new school and difficulties with following directions or other behavior problems. Families with fewer financial resources reported less involvement in transition activities than families with more resources. Implications for early childhood education are discussed, in light of the growing emphasis on parent involvement and kindergarten readiness. The present work was supported, in part, by a Science of Learning Center Catalyst grant (0350341) from the National Science Foundation awarded to the second and third authors.     

粗暴养育对网络成瘾的影响:非适应性认知的中介作用与孝道信念的调节作用

本研究基于病理性互联网使用的认知行为模型和双元孝道模型,考察粗暴养育对网络成瘾的影响,并检验非适应性认知的中介作用和孝道信念的调节作用。以1136名大学生为被试,采用粗暴养育问卷、非适应性认知问卷、孝道信念问卷和网络成瘾问卷进行测试,结果发现:(1)粗暴养育正向影响网络成瘾,非适应性认知在两者之间起中介作用。(2)粗暴养育对非适应性认知的影响受到孝道信念的调节。具体而言,互惠型孝道会弱化粗暴养育对非适应性认知的影响,而权威型孝道会强化粗暴养育对非适应性认知的影响。本研究结果表明,粗暴养育会增强非适应性认知,进而增加网络成瘾的倾向。但是,如果互惠型孝道信念较高,粗暴养育对非适应性认知的影响会削弱。如果权威型孝道信念较高,粗暴养育对非适应性认知的影响会增强。研究结果揭示了粗暴养育对网络成瘾的影响及其作用机制,同时也为预防和干预网络成瘾行为提供了依据。     

Content and Relational Implications of Children-In-Law's Relational Uncertainty Within the In-Law Dyad During the Transition to Extended Family

Two studies were conducted to examine children-in-law's experiences of relational uncertainty and satisfaction during the transition to marriage. In Study 1, responses revealed children-in-law's (N = 154) myriad concerns revolving around three, broad themes of relational uncertainty: dyadic uncertainty, family system uncertainty, and individual uncertainty. Based on these results, we constructed scales of children-in-law's uncertainty for use in Study 2 (N = 204). Bivariate correlations revealed negative associations between children-in-law's uncertainty and relationship satisfaction within both the in-law and marital dyads. Collectively, these findings extend theoretical understanding of the role of relational uncertainty and social network influence during a crucial family transition.     

转型期我国教育政策评估模式的选择

政策评估模式是对政策评估过程特性的抽象和概括,受政策环境变化的影响。随着社会利益的多元化和公共行政的民主化,利益相关者模式将成为转型期我国教育政策评估的较为适合的模式。     

Examining the Relation of Parenting to Children's Coping with Everyday Stress

The relation between parenting and the coping styles of children in response to everyday stress was investigated. 60 children, 9–10 years old, and their mothers participated. Children and mothers described how they responded to stressful episodes the child had experienced within the past 2 months. Mothers completed questionnaires that assessed a variety of parenting dimensions (e.g., nurturance, directiveness, organization). Results indicated that ( a ) the aspects of child coping studied (e.g., perceived effectiveness, variety of coping strategies) were relatively independent, ( b ) children from families with high levels of maternal support and relatively low levels of family structure used the greatest variety of coping strategies, ( c ) children of supportive mothers used the greatest number of avoidant strategies (but only in uncontrollable situations), and ( d ) children from families with high levels of parental structure used fewer aggressive coping strategies.     

今天如何做家长 ——对《家长家庭教育基本行为规范》的解读与运用

2020年新颁布的《家长家庭教育基本行为规范》(以下简称《规范》)是对习近平总书记关于家庭教育重要指示的深入贯彻,也是对全国教育大会精神的落实.新《规范》阐明了家庭在育人方面的重要功能,强化了父母在家庭教育上的重要作用,对家长在明确法律义务、强化父母责任、突出儿童权利等方面提出了基本要求;同时对家庭教育的内容进行了界定...     

Change in Parenting Democracy during the Transition to Adolescence: The Roles of Young Adolescents' Noncompliance and Mothers' Perceived Influence

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the direct relation between young adolescents' regulated noncompliance and mothers' democratic childrearing practices as well as the potential mediating role of mothers' perceived influence during the transition to adolescence. DESIGN: Three years of self-reported adolescent noncompliance, perceived influence, and parenting democracy were gathered from 166 mothers and their firstborn children (55% female), ages 9 - 11 years at time 1. RESULTS: Longitudinal path analysis indicated a total effect between adolescents' regulated noncompliance and higher maternal democracy. In addition, the total effect was mediated by mothers' perceived influence, such that adolescents' regulated noncompliance at time 1 was associated with greater perceptions of influence at time 2, which, in turn, was associated with greater maternal democracy at time 3. CONCLUSIONS: Mothers with young adolescents who resist in a relatively mature, regulated manner tend to have more positive perceptions of their influence on their emerging adolescents' behavior. In turn, mothers expecting to maintain their influence despite normative adolescent resistance are more likely to use democratic parenting strategies, granting their adolescents more input in decisions.