我国四部科学计量学著作评介--兼谈制约我国科学计量学发展的若干因素

对上世纪90年代以来我国出版的四部科学计量学著作<科学计量学--指标@模型@应用>、<科学计量研究方法论>、<科学技术指标与评价方法--科技计量学应用>和<科研评价与指标>进行了介绍和评论,在充分肯定我国科学计量学所取得成就的基础上,就制约我国科学计量学研究的若干因素做了简要分析.     

基于引文中心性图谱的科学计量学发展及预测

科学文献的引文中心性分析方法,可以用来识别与跟踪学科发展过程中的核心主题的变化趋势,并进行科学发展预测。以国际科学计量学权威期刊《科学计量学》于1978-2007年发表的1957篇论文的39 200条引文为数据样本,绘制《科学计量学》引文中心性网络图谱。该图谱清晰地揭示出,科学计量学的发展阶段及将来趋势,主要包括：理论奠基阶段;引文分析发展阶段;科学合作计量研究阶段;科学评价阶段;科学知识图谱与信息可视化发展阶段;大科学时代的科学计量研究阶段;信息计量学发展阶段;三螺旋创新计量与纳米等新兴科技领域计量研究将成为下一阶段科学计量学研究的核心主题方向。     

科学可量,科学可读——介评《科学计量学:理论探索与案例研究》

自上世纪60年代赵红州先生开辟我国科学计量学研究之先河起,20年多来,在一批中青年学者的不懈努力下,我国科学计量学学科得到不断普及和发展。具体表现为,研究成果不断涌现,国内外学术交往日趋频繁,研究深度与日增加,政策指导作用日益显现。河南师范大学教授梁立明先生继10年前出版《科学计量学:指标模型应用》(梁立明,1995,科学出版社)之后,与武夷山合作的新作《科学计量学———理论探索与案例研究》于2006年出版。这是又一部代表我国近年来科学计量学研究的一部力作。该书充分体现了作者一贯强调和追求的定量、实证之研究风格,以大量翔实…     

国际科学计量学研究前沿的可视化探测 ——基于《Scientometrics》期刊文献共被引网络的分析

《Scientometrics》是国际科学计量学研究领域的第一本专门期刊,代表了国际科学计量学研究的主流方向。对其刊载的2001-2010年间的文献进行计量分析,通过信息可视化技术探测国际科学计量学研究的前沿问题。在文献共被引网络基础上,进行文献聚类分析,直观展现了国际科学计量学主流研究方向的前沿问题包括:科学发展规律的数量统计分析;H指数及其相关指标研究;三螺旋理论研究;学术网络、语义结构研究;中国科学计量学研究等。     

基于知识图谱的国际科学计量学研究前沿计量分析

摘要：通过绘制科学计量学研究前沿知识图谱,界定出七大国际科学计量学研究前沿领域：1、引文理论、科学交流、基础科研评价;2、科学知识图谱理论与方法、网络计量学;3、科学技术合作;4、科学计量学经典概率分布、文献计量学定律、信息计量学;5、科学计量学指标与国家科研绩效评价;6、知识的新产品--科技动力学;7、科学与技术的关系。其中前沿领域1、2、4属于理论与方法研究领域,而前沿领域3、5、6、7属于应用研究领域。经过比较发现科学计量学更加侧重于理论与方法研究。     

普赖斯对科学计量学的贡献和影响——基于对《小科学,大科学》一书的知识可视化分析

2013年是普赖斯逝世30周年,也是其代表作《小科学,大科学》出版50周年。在过去的半个世纪里,普赖斯和《小科学,大科学》一书,深刻地影响了科学学的研究范式和脉络,尤其是催生了科学计量学这一领域的诞生和发展。本文利用科学计量学和知识可视化的方法,利用科学计量指标和科学知识图谱,分析了普赖斯的学术贡献和学术影响。结论表明,从影响的广度来看,普赖斯的著作影响着科学计量学、科学社会学、科学学,乃至经济学、心理学等诸多领域;从影响的深度来看,普赖斯在科学计量学领域各分支领域的发展中都起到了基础性的作用。     

科学评价中的计量学理论及其关系研究

计量学理论是科学评价的重要理论来源和理论基础，科学评价主要对被评对象的质和量进行评价，而计量学理论则是完成科学评价量化分析的基础。围绕科研活动中的数量特征，形成了一系列计量科学理论，这些科学理论主要有文献计量学（包括情报计量学、信息计量学、网络信息计量学）、科学计量学、知识计量学和经济计量学等，这些学科理论之间既紧密联系，又相互区别，自成体系，分别从不同的角度和方面，利用数学和统计学方法对科学研究活动中的数量特征和规律进行计量统计分析，并互相印证，共同构成科学评价量化分析评价的理论基础。     

迎接科学计量学应用的新时代——第二届科研绩效定量评价国际学术会议暨第六次全国科学计量学与情报计量学年会

在国家自然科学基金委员会管理科学部的支持下 ,由中国科学院文献情报中心、中国科学学与科技政策研究会、中央教育科学研究所等单位联合主办的“第二届科研绩效定量评价国际学术会议暨第六次全国科学计量学与情报计量学年会” ,于 2 0 0 0年 10月 2 3- 2 5日在上海海运学院举行。国际著名情报科学家、《科学引文索引》(SCI)的创始人加菲尔德博士和美国费城科学情报研究所副总裁A·克莱因先生特地为大会发来了贺信。出席会议并发表学术演讲的有 :美国长岛大学图书馆情报学院院长M·凯尼格教授、储荷婷教授 ,比利时林堡大学L·埃格赫教授 ,比利时工业技术学院R·鲁索教授 ,德国柏林自由大学H·克雷奇默教授 ,荷兰莱顿大学科学学研究中心普赖斯科学计量学奖获得者H·莫德教授及该中心的E·诺亚斯博士和丁颖博士 ,香港中文大学杜祖贻教授。美国科学情报研究所亚太市场开发部中国地区销售经理刘煜博士授权宣读了论文“引文的价值及应用 :科学计量学和中国科学的亮点及趋势分析”。国内出席代表百余人 ,他们是来自 19个省、市、自治区和香港特别行政区的大专院校和科研院所科研及人力资源管理部门的管理者和对科研评价分析感兴趣的理论工作者。这次会议开得很成功。代表们交流了学术思想 ,增进了彼此间的友谊     

科学计量学普赖斯奖获得者Péter Vinkler学术成就介评

运用文献计量学的方法,以SCI数据库为数据基础,从论文发表时间、领域、引文等方面对匈牙利科学院化学研究中心科学部长彼德·温克勒(Péter Vinkler)近五十年学术生涯的学术成就与影响进行定量分析.结果显示温克勒的研究方向为引文分析与科学计量评价,以个人、团队绩效评价指标的研究为主,其学术影响力显著,具有广泛的国际影响,对文献计量学和科学计量学科的发展有重大贡献.     

科学计量学在科学基金管理中的应用

本文讨论了将科学计量学应用于科学基金管理应注意的三个环节：一、解决什么问题；二、选择什么指标，采集何种数据；三、科学计量模型建构与计量结果解释。结合若干关于国家自然科学基金管理的科学计量学研究实例进行了讨论     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

How LINCs Were Made: Alignment and Exclusion in American Medical Informatics

Electronic computers in information systems are often seen as "ready-to-use" technology, which simply becomes applied to certain domains. This article explores the sociotechnical processes involved in the development of information systems by studying two cases of medical informatics, the Laboratory Instrument Computer (LINC) and a medical information system at a hospital. They show that information systems have from the beginning been a result of multiple alignment processes between the relevant actors, among which are users, developers, and the technology itself. The first case reveals that information systems are successful when actors become aligned and coordinated across boundaries. This alignment includes user interfaces as well as parts and components of the computer. The second case exhibits disalignment between relevant actors, which leads to an unstable information system. The two mechanisms are found coexisting in medical informatics.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Optimized frequency-based foundation design for wind turbine towers utilizing soil-structure interaction

This study illustrates design optimization for multiple wind towers located at different villages in Alaska. The towers are supported by two different types of foundations: large mat or deep piles foundations. Initially, a reinforced concrete (RC) mat foundation was proposed. Where soil conditions required it, a pile foundation solution was devised utilizing a 30 in thick RC mat containing an embedded steel grillage of W18 beams and supported by 20-24 in grouted or un-grouted piles. For faster installation and lower construction cost, all-steel foundations were proposed for these remote Alaska sites. The new all-steel design was found to reduce the natural frequencies of the structural system due to softening the foundation. Thus, the tower-foundation system could potentially become near-resonant with the operational frequencies of the wind turbine. Consequently, the likelihood of structural damage or even the collapse is increased.A detailed 3D finite-element model of the tower-foundation-pile system with RC foundation was created using SAP2000. Soil springs were included in the model based on soil properties obtained from the geotechnical investigation. The natural frequency from the model was verified against the tower manufacturer analytical and experimental values. When piles were used, numerous iterations were carried out to eliminate the need for the RC and optimize the design. An optimized design was achieved with enough separation between the natural and operational frequencies. The design successfully avoids damage to the structural system, while eliminating the need for any RC in most cases.     

文化的困惑与思考

文明是文化的静态表现形式,文明之忧思的实质是文化之困惑.两种典型的哲学文化理解都有其局限和不足.由对文化定义和功能的分析可见,有序是文化的基本特征,文化是社会秩序之源.社会生活中的各种无序现象和行为从性质上看不是文化现象而是反文化现象.反文化现象的发生有其内在根据.思想史上,对反文化的警惕与质疑作为文化之困惑由来已久,当下更是有深入思考的必要与可能.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.