《琵琶记》中是非问句的类型与特点

《琵琶记》中是非问句根据疑问程度可分为询问句、测度问句、反诘问句三类。是非询问句大多数使用疑问标记,即疑问语气词“么”、“那”、“乎”,其中近代汉语新兴的“么”用频最高。是非测度问句只使用近代汉语新兴的测度疑问副词“莫是”、“莫不”、“莫不是”、“敢”、“敢是”,句末不使用疑问语气词“么”。是非反诘问句大多数使用疑问标记,即近代汉语新兴的反诘副词“终不然”、“难道”及古已有之的反诘副词“岂”、“可”。《琵琶记》中还有一类特殊的是非问句,属于句式糅合现象,其是由是非询问句与否定陈述句糅合而成的。     

疑问副词“复”的来源

疑问副词＂复＂是来源于表＂又、更、再＂义的频率副词＂复＂,这是符合类化机制的。疑问句语境是频率副词＂复＂虚化为疑问副词的句法环境。疑问副词＂复＂开始表示询问语气,后来主观性增强,具有了反诘语气。由于语言的＂择一原则＂和优胜劣汰机制等原因,在竞争中＂复＂的疑问或反诘用法处于劣势,并逐步被＂又、还＂所取代。     

如东方言“K—VP”句式余论

汉语方言中由疑问副词加上谓词性成分构成的问句（即通常所说的“K—VP”）是方言语法研究的热点,以江淮方言为主的如东方言是北方方言和吴方言过渡带中的一个重要环节,疑问句由疑问副词“果”加“VP”组成“果VP”形式发问,用法相当普遍。本文分析疑问副词“果”的句法分布和“果VP”的已然态和未然态。     

《长生殿》正反问句初探

《长生殿》正反问句数量众多,主要是使用＂可VP＂句式和＂VP否（无）＂句式。＂可VP＂句式中,＂可＂的揣度副词的用法在《长生殿》中得以充分展示。＂VP否＂式的正反问句的继续使用,是对古代汉语的继承。＂VP不VP＂正反问句中＂VP＂的多样化反映了当时的语言面貌。     

河南鹿邑方言中“可VP”问句的性质探析

本文基于语料库,从方言的问句理论出发,聚焦河南鹿邑方言中"可VP"问句的句型及其解释。研究表明:河南鹿邑方言"可VP"中"可"主要继承了古汉语中虚词"可"的疑问副词性质,起到发问的作用;根据定量语料分析得出,鹿邑方言中"可VP"存在附加式问句:"S+‘可VP’"以及一般的"可VP"问句;分析"可VP"问句得出,在鹿邑方言中"可VP"在问句中一般做主语、谓语、补语;鹿邑方言"可VP"问句中不能套用"可VP"句式,以及"X不X"句式。     

《元曲选》宾白的是非问句考察

在《元曲选》宾白疑问句的是非问句中，根据疑问手段的不同可分五类，以带疑问语气词“么”为主要形式。是非问句中疑问语气词有“么、来、那、哩、也、乎”六个，表测度义的疑问副词十一个，有敢系、莫系、怕系、恐系。疑问副词“可”在是非问句中起纡缓语气和搭衬语调的作用。     

安徽无为方言的反复问句“格＋VP？”考察

江淮官话洪巢片无为方言反复问句的形式是＂格＋VP？＂,属于无倾向的中立问。＂格＂是疑问副词,显示疑问焦点。对田野调查的口语材料进行描写与分析。讨论了＂格＂与情态动词、否定词的相对位置,并联系了洪巢片其他方言点进行比较;状语在＂格＋VP？＂句中的位置分布。     

中古汉语VP-neg式疑问句句末否定词的虚化问题

VP-neg是中古汉语反复问句的主要形式,对句末否定词Neg的虚化问题学术界存在不同看法。文章系统考察中古时期这一语法现象,结论是:1否定式问句末尾的否定词已经虚化;2带反诘语气副词的反诘问句末尾的否定词一般已经虚化;3选择问句里选择项末的否定词已经虚化;4带测度副词的测度问句末尾的否定词已经虚化;5带疑问语气副词“宁”的反复问句末尾的否定词没有虚化;6除前四种情况,反复问句“VP不”中的“不”没有虚化。     

凤阳方言中的“可”（[k‘γ^53]）

在凤阳方言中,＂可＂（[k‘γ^53）具有特殊的用法：作为否定副词,用来表示否定的回答,其否定的语气比用＂不＂字要重一些。凡是能用＂不＂进行否定回答的问句一般都可以用＂可＂（[k‘γ^53）代替进行否定回答。用＂没＂、＂没有＂进行否定回答的问句有时用＂可＂[k‘γ^53）表示否定的回答,有时为了简洁和顺口就不用＂可＂（[k‘γ^53）表示否定的回答。＂可＂（[k‘γ^53）是由＂可（[k‘γ^53）＂变调形成的。研究凤阳方言中＂可＂（[k‘γ^53）这个词的词义和语法功能,可以补正《方言大词典》对＂可＂（[k‘γ^53）的注释,也为古代汉语中存在破读现象提供一个有力的方言证据。     

《型世言》反诘语气副词计量考察

《型世言》口语化程度较高,是研究近代汉语语法的珍贵语料。《型世言》中的反诘语气副词有“难道”“岂”“终不然”“何曾”“何尝”“何必”“何苦”“何妨”“何不”“几曾”“还”这11个。《型世言》中的反诘语气副词大部分用在无主语句的谓语之前,表示“反诘”“没有发生过”“不,必”等语气,在结构上多为重新分析复合式,都可以修饰VP、多音节成分、肯定形式,部分可以和其他副词连用。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.