新时期中国石油企业科技创新的环境变化及其对策

为了建立石油企业科技创新的有效机制，解决技术、资源、产业、市场、人才接替和环境保护与发展的矛盾，针对新时期中国石油企业科技创新所面临的国内外环境变化，分析了影响石油企业科技创新的8个主要因素，提出了实施科技创新和实现可持续发展战略的对策及建议。     

Changing views: Persuasion modeling and argument extraction from online discussions

Persuasion and argumentation are possibly among the most complex examples of the interplay between multiple human subjects. With the advent of the Internet, online forums provide wide platforms for people to share their opinions and reasonings around various diverse topics. In this work, we attempt to model persuasive interaction between users on Reddit, a popular online discussion forum. We propose a deep LSTM model to classify whether a conversation leads to a successful persuasion or not, and use this model to predict whether a certain chain of arguments can lead to persuasion. While learning persuasion dynamics, our model tends to identify argument facets implicitly, using an attention mechanism. We also propose a semi-supervised approach to extract argumentative components from discussion threads. Both these models provide useful insight into how people engage in argumentation on online discussion forums.     

An overview of online fake news: Characterization,detection, and discussion

Over the recent years, the growth of online social media has greatly facilitated the way people communicate with each other. Users of online social media share information, connect with other people and stay informed about trending events. However, much recent information appearing on social media is dubious and, in some cases, intended to mislead. Such content is often called fake news. Large amounts of online fake news has the potential to cause serious problems in society. Many point to the 2016 U.S. presidential election campaign as having been influenced by fake news. Subsequent to this election, the term has entered the mainstream vernacular. Moreover it has drawn the attention of industry and academia, seeking to understand its origins, distribution and effects.Of critical interest is the ability to detect when online content is untrue and intended to mislead. This is technically challenging for several reasons. Using social media tools, content is easily generated and quickly spread, leading to a large volume of content to analyse. Online information is very diverse, covering a large number of subjects, which contributes complexity to this task. The truth and intent of any statement often cannot be assessed by computers alone, so efforts must depend on collaboration between humans and technology. For instance, some content that is deemed by experts of being false and intended to mislead are available. While these sources are in limited supply, they can form a basis for such a shared effort.In this survey, we present a comprehensive overview of the finding to date relating to fake news. We characterize the negative impact of online fake news, and the state-of-the-art in detection methods. Many of these rely on identifying features of the users, content, and context that indicate misinformation. We also study existing datasets that have been used for classifying fake news. Finally, we propose promising research directions for online fake news analysis.     

Mediating subpolitics in US and UK science news

The development of therapeutic cloning research sparked a scientific controversy pitting patients' hopes for cures against religious and anti-abortion opposition. The present study investigates this controversy by examining the production and content of Anglo-American print media coverage of the branch of embryonic stem cell research known as "therapeutic cloning." Data collection included press articles about therapeutic cloning (n = 5,185) and qualitative interviews with journalists (n = 18). Patient activists and anti-abortion groups emerged as key news sources in this coverage. Significant qualitative differences in the mediation of these subpolitical groups and their arguments for and against therapeutic cloning are identified. Results suggest that the perceived human interest news value of narratives of patient suffering may give patient advocacy groups a privileged position in journalistic coverage. Finally, Ulrich Beck's theoretical arguments about subpolitics are critically applied to the results to elicit further insights.     

Automated monitoring of online news accuracy with change classification models

In the past decade, news consumption has shifted from printed news media to online alternatives. Although these come with advantages, online news poses challenges as well. Notable here is the increased competition between online newspapers and other online news providers to attract readers. Hereby, speed is often favored over quality. As a consequence, the need for new tools to monitor online news accuracy has grown. In this work, a fundamentally new and automated procedure for the monitoring of online news accuracy is proposed. The approach relies on the fact that online news articles are often updated after initial publication, thereby also correcting errors. Automated observation of the changes being made to online articles and detection of the errors that are corrected may offer useful insights concerning news accuracy. The potential of the presented automated error correction detection model is illustrated by building supervised classification models for the detection of objective, subjective and linguistic errors in online news updates respectively. The models are built using a large news update data set being collected during two consecutive years for six different Flemish online newspapers. A subset of 21,129 changes is then annotated using a combination of automated and human annotation via an online annotation platform. Finally, manually crafted features and text embeddings obtained by four different language models (TF-IDF, word2vec, BERTje and SBERT) are fed to three supervised machine learning algorithms (logistic regression, support vector machines and decision trees) and performance of the obtained models is subsequently evaluated. Results indicate that small differences in performance exist between the different learning algorithms and language models. Using the best-performing models, $F_2$-scores of 0.45, 0.25 and 0.80 are obtained for the classification of objective, subjective and linguistic errors respectively.     

生态学理论应用于社会科学研究的思考

讨论生态学原理广泛应用于社会科学研究的现象,并认为这种现象的原因不仅在于生态学理论自身的合理性,也是社会科学自身可持续发展的需要.     

学术期刊应当重视科学知识传播——《中国药理学报》科技新闻工作实践

【目的】以《中国药理学报》与大众媒体合作报道科技新闻的实践经验为例,对科技期刊与大众媒体合作报道科技新闻的意义、方法与努力方向进行探讨。【方法】回顾分析了从2007年至2011年《中国药理学报》推荐的66篇科技新闻,总结《中国药理学报》推荐科技新闻的实践经验和遇到的问题。【结果】此项工作对于科技期刊科普大众、服务作者、扩大期刊影响具有重要意义。科技新闻的选题必须科学价值与新闻价值并重;发表前后做好与科学家沟通工作;新闻撰写重点突出医药特色;处理争议性议题必须树立全局观念;商业利用科技新闻要公平公正。多媒体、多渠道、多语种的新闻发布是我国科技期刊扩大国内外影响的努力方向。【结论】科技期刊与大众媒体合作报道科技新闻是科技期刊发挥科普功能、提升公众科学素质的重要途径,也是加强自身科学传播能力建设的重要举措。     

论走向科学技术学

从多角度考察了走向科学技术学的趋势 ,讨论了科学技术学以科技哲学、科技史、科技社会学、科技政策和管理为基础学科构架的问题 ,以及需要中国自然辩证法界、科学技术史界和科学学界的协调努力。     

论科学技术学的建构及技术预见学研究

我国科学技术学的建立和发展,应该体现时代科技特征,聚焦科技兴国实践,重视未来学特别是技术预见研究。这将需要关联学科群的体系整合,也需要关联学科群的转型定位。只有关注未来的科技,才能指导科技的未来。     

当代国际科学学主流学术群体及其代表人物

运用信息可视化技术等新兴科学计量学方法,对1995年至2004年国际科学学领域论文高被引频次前50名作者进行分析,绘制出科学学主流学术群体及其代表人物的知识图谱。该图谱形象地显示出这些高影响力作者在当代国际科学学主流领域,形成了科技管理与政策、情报学与信息检索、科学知识图谱与信息可视化、网络计量学、科学社会学与科学知识社会学、科学计量学理论与科研评价等前沿分支学科的6个学术群体。成为这些前沿学科与主流群体的代表人物。他们为开创或发展当代科学学主流分支学科做出了突出贡献,产生了巨大影响,值得我国科学学界密切关注。     

当代国际科学学研究热点演进趋势知识图谱

借助科学知识图谱的可视化技术手段,把科学计量学与应用数学、图形学、信息科学及计算机科学诸学科交叉结合起来,对六个科学学国际权威学术期刊于1995年至2004年间发表的4800篇论文的126244条引文做了分析,绘制出了全新的国际科学学研究热点演进趋势知识图谱,形象地展示近10年来国际科学学研究的热点领域及其发展态势。     

在线科技合作社区的一个计算机支持系统

随着互联网的飞速发展,在线科技合作社区大量涌现,并在科学研究与技术开发中日益发挥重要作用。本文从在线社区集体智能的概念模型出发,提出一个针对在线科技合作社区的计算机支持系统框架,促进社区人员网络和知识网络的演化。本文所提的框架以社会网络站点和知识门户为基础,综合多项Web/Web 2.0技术,为在线科技合作社区提供较为全面的支持。     

科学划界标准新探

回顾并考察科学划界标准发展演化的历史,指出这些标准所存在的问题,并引入关于科学划界标准问题的新理论——SSK和科学实践哲学,分析这些理论在科学划界标准方面的立场以及研究的进路。     

Crime base: Towards building a knowledge base for crime entities and their relationships from online news papers

In the current era of internet, information related to crime is scattered across many sources namely news media, social networks, blogs, and video repositories, etc. Crime reports published in online newspapers are often considered as reliable compared to crowdsourced data like social media and contain crime information not only in the form of unstructured text but also in the form of images. Given the volume and availability of crime-related information present in online newspapers, gathering and integrating crime entities from multiple modalities and representing them as a knowledge base in machine-readable form will be useful for any law enforcement agencies to analyze and prevent criminal activities. Extant research works to generate the crime knowledge base, does not address extraction of all non-redundant entities from text and image data present in multiple newspapers. Hence, this work proposes Crime Base, an entity relationship based system to extract and integrate crime related text and image data from online newspapers with a focus towards reducing duplicity and loss of information in the knowledge base. The proposed system uses a rule-based approach to extract the entities from text and image captions. The entities extracted from text data are correlated using contextual as-well-as semantic similarity measures and image entities are correlated using low-level and high-level image features. The proposed system also presents an integrated view of these entities and their relations in the form of a knowledge base using OWL. The system is tested for a collection of crime related articles from popular Indian online newspapers.     

从CUDOS到PLACE——论学院科学向后学院科学的转变

概述学院科学和后学院科学的涵义与“规范”或曰“运作规则”,论述学院科学向后学院科学转变的历史和主要特征,认为从CUDOS到PLACE的“规范”或曰“运作规则”的变化是学院科学向后学院科学转变的主要标志。     

Science and humanities: across two cultures and into science studies

C.P. Snow's articulation of a two-culture divide rested on a particular view of science that has been elaborated and superseded by interdisciplinary science studies. Thus, comparisons of the 'science wars' of recent years to the Snow-Leavis controversy fail to recognize basic structural differences between the two sets of debates. In this article, I present these differences and offer some views of what has changed in the intervening years.