芬兰普通高中的课程评价和课程管理

本文着重探讨了1994年普通高中课程改革以后；芬兰普通高中课程评价的基本举措和特点，分析了国家级行政管理、省级行政管理、地方行政管理、校级行政管理的权限和方式、方法。     

芬兰普通高中课程评价及对我国课程改革的启示

世界经济论坛发表报告:2001年世界各国竞争力排名中,芬兰取代美国位居榜首[1]。该调查报告是由世界经济论坛和哈佛大学知名教授起草的,它是根据75个国家现有的经济数据及政府机构效率、竞争性质等各项指标在4600名工商界人士中进行调查后得出的。2000年芬兰在这项调查报告中的排名是第6名,为什么芬兰能在     

芬兰普通高中课程评价及对我国课程改革的启示

世界经济论坛发表报告：2001年世界各国竞争力排名中,芬兰取代美国位居榜首。该调查报告是由世界经济论坛和哈佛大学知名教授起草的,它是根据75个国家现有的经济数据及政府机构效率、竞争性质等各项指标在4600名工商界人士中进行调查后得出的。2000年芬兰在这项调查报告中的排名是第6名,为什么芬兰能在短短1年内从排名第6位跃居第1位,     

芬兰普通高中课程评价及其对我国课程改革的启示

课程评价是改进课程和教学的依据,课程评价对课程实施起着导向和质量监控的作用。芬兰灵活多样、个性化的普通高中课程增强了国家的竞争力。探讨芬兰的高中课程评价对我国的高中课程改革有一定借鉴作用。     

芬兰普通高中课程改革探析

芬兰作为西方发达国家的后起之秀．其极具特色的高中教育是世人关注的焦点。芬兰的高中课程按“学程”来组织教学活动．打破了以往按科目教学的传统模式：实行学段制度．一学年不再严格地划分成上下两个学期．而是按学段组织教学活动;在课程的开发和实施方面,芬兰政府不仅赋予地方政府和学校极大的决策权和自主权,也给予学生很大的选择空间。芬兰高中课程改革的实践经验值得我们深入学习。     

浅谈普通高中学校课程评价制度的缺失

学校课程评价制度是学校课程制度的一项关键内容,是学校层面课程评价活动组织实施的一系列规程和行为准则。课程评价制度从根本上制约着学校新课程改革的实施,实践中,普通高中学校课程评价制度普遍缺失。学校应该提高课程领导者的制度意识,健全评价机构,完善评价制度。     

芬兰普通高中国家核心课程标准解读

普通高中教育是芬兰教育中最为关键的环节,凸显着芬兰教育特色。近几年,芬兰教育模式成为许多国家学习的典范。芬兰的普通高中国家核心课程标准是芬兰高中教育的指导性文件,它的制定顺应全球化和信息技术发展的潮流。根据芬兰《2015全国普通高中国家核心课程标准》,从课程标准的制定、课程目标的定位、课程内容结构的组织、课程学习途径的开发、课程评价方式的选择五个方面进行总结归纳,并结合我国高中课程制定的实际情况分析得出启示,对我国普通高中的课程编制、课程实施、教育环境、课程设置和课程评价等方面有一定的借鉴作用,促进我国高中教育的发展。     

普通高中学校课程管理存在问题及应对策略

学校课程管理是我国三级课程管理体制改革中重要的一环,牵涉到了学校管理系统中最核心、最复杂的问题。目前普通高中学校课程管理中存在管理意识淡薄、管理能力不足、管理机构僵化、资金短缺以及课程政策本身局限性等问题,致使学校课程管理的质量和效益难以得到保证。寻找普通高中学校课程管理的策略,可为学校课程管理实践提供帮助和指导。     

芬兰普通高中导师制的特色及启示

通过实地考察调研芬兰高中的学校管理模式,获得芬兰高中管理的特色之一是导师制。导师制是芬兰普通高中学生发展指导体系的重要组成部分,芬兰高中既有专职导师又有兼职导师,大致由"学生顾问"、"辅导员"、"特需导师"和"导生"四个导师群体组成。通过对各类导师职责的分析,得出芬兰导师制实施的积极意义及其对我国高中新课程改革的启示。     

20世纪90年代以来芬兰普通高中的课程改革与发展

本文介绍和论述了20世纪90年代以来芬兰普通高中课程改革与发展的主要措施,并对几份标志芬兰高中课程改革的官方文件做了对比分析。     

Schooling sexualities and gendered bodies. Experiences of LGBT students in Icelandic upper secondary schools

In this paper, we study how Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender people (LGBT) students in Icelandic upper secondary schools interpret their experience of heteronormative environment and how they respond to it. The aim is to explore how sexualities and gendered bodies are constructed through ‘schooling’. The article draws on interview data with seven LGBT students who attended five different upper secondary schools. We also use visual data collected during fieldwork at one upper secondary school and exemplify the results with a poster and a digitalised short-film, produced by the students, to substantiate what participants told us in the interviews. All of the students experienced heteronormative discourse and lack of respect and indicated that they did not feel fully accepted in school. Upon entering the classroom, the visibility of LGBTs and discussion about different performances of gender and sexuality seem to disappear, whether in terms of textbooks, course content, teaching practices and school environment. Furthermore, LGBTs and those who do not conform to the hegemonic performances of gender are often constructed as deviations from the norm, strange, and even depicted as the abjected other. This applies in particular to the informal school, which embraces the traditions, culture and social interactions among students and teachers. This othering occurs, despite relatively positive attitudes towards LGBT people in Icelandic society in general. The results signify a gap between policy and practice as regards the positioning of LBGT students, which affects their schooling and well-being.     

Special educational resources in the Swedish upper secondary schools: a total population survey

This paper analyses the special educational resources in the Swedish upper secondary schools using a total population survey that covers all upper secondary schools. Special educators and special teachers together constitute the special educational resources at each school. With two types of regression models (logistic and linear regression), the study investigates which variables at school level determine the presence and availability rate of special educational resources. The main findings are that there is a great difference between public and independent schools in the presence and accessibility of special educational resources, where many independent schools do not offer special educational support for their students. It also shows that what kind of provider (public or independent school) and the size of the school are especially important variables for predicting presence of special educational resources. When analysing the variance of availability rate of special educational resources, student variables (grades from compulsory school and parental educational level) on the school level, together with school size, are especially important.     

The extent of ability grouping in Swedish upper secondary schools: a national survey

Differentiation among students according to ability has been a topic of interest in educational systems all over the world for a long period of time. This study focuses on the extent of ability grouping in Swedish upper secondary schools, using a total population survey that covers all upper secondary schools. Previous research on the effects of ability grouping on students and groups of students gives a quite clear picture and the relation between ability grouping and issues of inequity and undemocratic values is an often-raised issue, where low-achieving students are especially adversely affected. Results from this study show that many (43%) upper secondary schools use ability grouping as a way to differentiate students in educational settings. It is found that it is more frequently used within the foundation subjects and especially in mathematics. No particular group of schools reports using ability grouping at a significantly higher rate, but the schools that reported using it to a very large extent differ on many school-level variables. These schools are focused on specifically. The extent of ability grouping is discussed in relation to previous research and issues of equity.     

More like real life-Motivational methods of teaching in upper secondary school

Motivational methods of teaching are topical subjects and much discussed issues regarding schools and education. The first question of our study covers student motivation and students＇ perception of their own schools＇ teaching methods. The second question reflects on how upper secondary school teachers perceive their roles as teachers, their thoughts on acquirement of knowledge and how learning takes place. The third question treats the subject of how school and education is organized. The upper secondary school the authors chose for the case study is a school that recruits students on a national basis and is directed towards the education of fire and rescue service personnel. The programme follows the national science curriculum and gives qualification for further studies at most universities. The school started in the autumn of 1998 and is known for being successful at working with student involvement, responsibility and subject integration. The study which was conducted during the autumn of 2007 included 32 students from two of the learning groups from the same year and started on the day of introduction of a new theme and finished with their presentation of results. The authors made observations, interviewed and through questionnaires studied how students comprehended the schools＇ working methods. We also interviewed their teachers and headmaster. The theoretic standpoint is Activity Theory （Chaiklin, S. ＆ Lave, J. 1996; Knutagard, H., 2002; Vygotsky, L. S., 1986）. The conclusions are that the students are encuitured into a school＇s activities that are similar to what students perceive as that of real life. It gives meaning and motivation to learning and makes it meaningful. They identify their own responsibility and cooperative learning as the most important parts. The teachers＇ own learning process and planning work is parallel to the work forms applicable to the students. They are all interdependent of each other since all the work areas are thematic. The school can be seen as an activity system where members interplay and communication develops a common culture.     

芬兰高中教育成功的因素分析

芬兰高中教育的成功已引起世人的瞩目,其原因既包括长远的教育政策、健全的教育法制法规和独特的教育信任文化等宏观层面因素,也包括灵活的教学方式、高质量的师资队伍、完善的指导咨询体系和校际合作机制等微观层面因素。     

Pedagogic identities for sale! Segregation and homogenization in Swedish upper secondary school

The aim of this article is to illustrate how Swedish schools construct different pedagogic identities in the way they marketize themselves. We examine through a Bernsteinian lens how upper secondary schools promote themselves; what identities are being called for by the schools and how these identities are expressed. Moreover, the article intends to study how these identities are reflected in studied school actors and how they can be understood in relation to the labour market. We have analysed texts from various kinds of marketing materials, including websites and prospectuses of the schools. The empirical data also include interviews with various school actors. In addition, we attended and recorded observations at open houses and school fairs. Our findings indicate a strong differentiated market-oriented education system, mediated not only through distinctions in courses and programmes, but also through schools creating highly specific niches and targeting specific students as valuable commodities.     

Problem solving in Swedish mathematics textbooks for upper secondary school

The aim of this study is to analyse how mathematical problem solving is represented in mathematical textbooks for Swedish upper secondary school. The analysis comprises dominating Swedish textbook series, and relates to uncovering (a) the quantity of tasks that are actually mathematical problems, (b) their location in the chapter, (c) their difficulty level, and (d) their context. Based on an analysis of 5,722 tasks from the area of calculus, it is concluded that the textbooks themselves contain very few tasks that can be defined as mathematical problems, and that those that are mathematical problems are found at the end of a chapter at the most difficult level, and are presented in a pure mathematical context. Implications are discussed.     

Inclusion,exclusion and the queering of spaces in two Icelandic upper secondary schools

The concept of space is gaining increased attention in studies of sexuality and gender, not least those focusing on heterosexism and heteronormativity. Such studies have demonstrated that space is sexualised, gendered and actively produced. In this article, we present the findings from an ethnographic study of two Icelandic upper secondary schools. One is a traditional academic school in Reykjavík (the capital city) and the other is a mixture of a vocational and an academic school, located in a small urban community in the northern part of the country. In addition to the ethnographic component of the research, five former and current lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) students from the two schools were interviewed. We describe how different spaces are constructed through the discourse of heterosexuality and hegemonic gender performances. In doing so, we focus on the processes of inclusion, exclusion and queering of different spaces, and the interplay of these processes in constructing sexuality and gender. The findings indicate that the spaces observed, which are depicted in this article as three stories, included and excluded both LGBT students and other students who did not conform to the dominant norms. These same spaces were also a platform for various queering activities, where alternative discourses could be established and even disturb the dominant discourse of heterosexuality and normativity, whether in terms of gender performances or bodily appearances.     

Planning a competence-based curriculum: the case of four secondary schools in England

Despite the belief that schools tend to be resistant to change, it is possible to find secondary schools in the UK which are investing in the design of an innovative curriculum for their Year 7 (11-year-old students). This article focuses on four of these schools and discusses some of the challenges they face in planning and implementing their competence-based curricula (CBC). Such curricula tend to be based on the rationale that they better prepare all students for the constant changes of human knowledge and understanding. They develop transferable skills rather than subject-specific content, which are considered necessary requirements for learners as future productive members of society in the twenty-first century. Advocates of CBC argue that such curricula are more inclusive and emancipatory than traditional curricula, although this view is contested. Employing Bernstein's concepts of framing and classification of the curriculum, this article describes the challenges and constraints encountered by four schools which have endeavoured to develop a competence-based curriculum.