论现代心理学研究的方法论原则

方法论是从事科学研究的基本指导思想。本文从马克思主义三项格式论的心理实质观出发,提出现代化心理学研究所必须遵循的三条方法论原则：（１）社会历史决定论原则,它主要从因果决定性的角度揭示人的心理的社会本质;（２）结构主义与建构主义相结合的发生学原则,它主要揭示了人的心理发生的内在机制;（３）心理发展在客观性过程中实现的原则,它主要揭示了人的心理发展的根本途径。这三条方法论原则构成了现代心理学研究的严整的思想体系。     

阿拉伯古代感知论新探

感知是认识的开端、一切知识的直接来源。感知论不仅对哲学认识论的研究有重要的理论价值,而且对心理学的研究也有重要的意义。中世纪阿拉伯感知论心理学思想比较丰富,如提出知觉的三个特征,剖析五种感觉,解析双眼视觉、色混合和对比等视觉心理学现象,发现视网膜等均有一定的学术价值。中世纪的光学决定论与古代前机械决定论相比也是一个进步。神经细胞的发现为科学解释视觉的形成提供某些根据,为机械决定论的产生准备了基础。但光学决定论还不可能成为解释一切心理现象的科学方法论。     

论系统科学对现代心理学研究的影响

科学心理学从成立至今产生了众多学派，学派之间存在分歧。这是由于心理学的研究对象的内隐、复杂与不确定，以及各学派的指导思想，特别是对整体与部分，结构与功能的认识存在差异造成的。这种局面随着系统科学的发展而不断得到改善。系统科学的出现和发展，深深地影响着现代心理学家研究的指导思想和方法论，并在心理学的具体研究方法上不断取得突破。随着系统科学的不断发展，现代心理学对人的心理现象的研究也在不断向纵深发展，越来越接近人的心理的本来面目。     

认知结构与同化理论

古人云:“以其所知,喻其不知,使其知之”.一位教育心理学家曾说,影响学习的最重要因素是学生已经知道了什么,要根据学生原有的知识状况进行教学,这是教育心理学的基本原理.可见,决定新的学习最重要的一个内部因素就是学生原有的知识状况.学生原有的知识状况用现代认知心理学的语言来说,指的就是他们的认知结构. 所谓“认知”,是指一个人在了解、认识客观世界时所经历的几个过程的总称.这些过程包括感知、记忆、理解、领悟、判断和推理等.“认知”也可以理解为“意识到”的意思.所谓认知结构是指学生的知识结构,邵瑞珍等同志在《教育心理学一一学与     

试论个体心理行为的遗传性

个体心理行为是能够遗传的，但不是由遗传决定的。个体心理行为具有遗传性，并不否认人的心理行为具有社会性。遗传性与遗传决定论有本质区别。心理学应写上：个体心理行为具有遗传性。     

试论机械历史决定论及其产生的原因

什么是机械历史决定论机械历史决定论就是用机械的、形而上学的观点研究社会历史问题而形成的一种社会历史理论,其核心就是用形而上学和机械决定论取代辩证法,只承认社会历史过程中的因果必然性,否认偶然性;只承认历史发展的客观规律性,否认人的主观能动性。它不是把人类社会当作一个由多种因素的有机联系所构成的复杂的系统来理解,而是把它看作一个由众多因素凑合而成的简单的组合体;不是把社会历史的发展当作是由众多因素的交互作用而形成的一     

论当代心理学的方法论变革——背景、动因与走向

心理学正在发生继行为主义、认知主义革命之后又一场重大的方法论变革。当代社会生活方式及人的自我的演变、时代精神的变迁构成变革的社会文化背景,也是这次变革发生的根本原因。现代心理学的方法论痼疾以及由此造成的学科内部矛盾和发展危机是导致变革发生的内部动因。变革的走向表现为:(1)心理观以社会建构论取代主客反映论;(2)研究重心由内在心理结构向社会互动过程偏移;(3)研究目的以理解、合作代替预测、控制;(4)研究方法由迷信实证转而接受多元方法论。     

略论主体认识结构的构成要素

一、构成主体认识结构的基本要素及其原因要素是构成系统的基础,任何一个系统都是由要素构成的。主体认识结构作为一个动态功能系统.也是由要素构成的,所不同的只是构成主体认识结构系统的要素同其他系统相比较要复杂得多,这种复杂性首先表现在其构成要素的多样性上。构成主体认识结构的要素,是以人的主体性为依据的。所谓主体性是指自身所特有     

激励理论在珠算教学中的应用

激励主要指的是激发人的动机，诱导人的行为，使其发挥内在潜力，为实现所追求目标而努力的过程。这也就是人们通常所说的调动和发挥人的积极性的过程。心理学的研究表明，人的动机是由他所体验到的某种未满足的需要或未达到的目标所引起的。这种需要或目标，既可以是生理或物质上，也可以是心理或精神上的。现实生活中，人的需要往往不是一种，而是会同时存在多种需要。这些需要的强弱也随时会发生变化。在任何时候，一个人的行为动机总是由其全部需要结构中最重要、最强烈的需要动机所支配、决定的。这种最重要、最强烈的需要就叫优势需要…     

暗示与疾病的护理

廿世纪六十年代以来,现代医学由生物医学模式,逐渐转向生物,心理,社会医学模式。人们对疾病和健康的认识,从生物医学观转向了包括心理、社会因素在内的整体医学观。一个人的生命表现,不仅是由躯体的物理、化学、生物因素所决定,而且也是由精神、情绪等心理因素所决定。暗示疗法具有悠久的历史,暗示本身是人正常的心理活动,是日常生活中常有的心     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.     

团图为数的图中的闭团贯数

Given a graph G,a subgraph C is called a clique of G if C is a complete subgraph of G maximal under inclusion and |C|≥2. A clique-transversal set S of G is a set of vertices of G such that S meets all cliques of G. The clique-transversal number, denoted as TC (G), is the minimum cardinality of a clique-transversal set in G. The clique-graph of G, denoted as K (G), is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques in G have nonempty intersection. Let F be a class of graphs G such that F={G|K(G) is a tree}. In this paper the graphs in F having independent clique-transversal sets are shown and thus TC (G)/|G|≤1/2 for all G ∈ F.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.