眼子菜的花器官发生

 运用扫描电镜观察了眼子菜的花器官发生过程。结果表明：花原基从花序轴的基部开始以三数 交互轮状的方式发生,在花原基发生的早期具有明显的苞片原基形成。花器官是以向心的方式发生的,  二枚侧方花被片原基首先形成,紧接着产生二枚中间花被片。四枚雄蕊分两轮分别在与侧方花被和中  间花被相对的位置发生,四枚雄蕊原基在发生时均呈长条形。上述四轮花被和雄蕊虽然在时间上以二  数轮状的方式发生,但在空间上花被片和雄蕊各自分别排成一轮。最后,二个心皮原基在花原基顶端略  偏于一侧并与雄蕊相间的位置同时发生。有些花的二枚心皮原基发生后其中一枚很早即停止生长或仅  有一枚心皮原基形成。本文结果支持了眼子菜属心皮数目逐渐向简化的方向演化的观点。在花原基早期发育的过程中苞片原基的存在表明眼子菜属植物成熟花中缺乏苞片是简化的结果。     

泽苔草的花器官发生

本文用扫描电镜观察了泽苔草的花器官发生过程，观察结果表明：花萼以螺旋状方式向心发生，花瓣以接近轮状方式近同时发生，不存在花瓣雄蕊复合原基。雄蕊和心皮均以轮状向心方式发生，6枚雄蕊分两轮分别在对萼和对瓣的位置先后发生，至发育的后期排成一轮，但仍分别处于对萼和对瓣的位置；随后发生的第一轮3个心皮原基与3枚萼片相对，第二、三轮心皮原基分别为1~3个，与前一轮心皮相间排列向心发生。本文首次揭示了泽苔草花被的外轮3个萼片螺旋状发生方式，这种螺旋状方式很可能是泽泻科植物的花部结构在进化过程中适应环境而保留下来的一种较原始的叶性特征。     

宽叶泽苔草的花器官发生

通过扫描电镜观察了宽叶泽苔草Caldesia grandisSamuel.的花器官发生。宽叶泽苔草 的萼片3枚，逆时针螺旋向心发生 ；花瓣3枚，呈一轮近同时发生，未观察到花瓣_雄蕊复合原基；雄蕊、心皮原基皆轮状向心 发生，最先近同时发生的6枚原基全部发育成雄蕊，随后发生的6枚原基早期并无差别，在发 育过程中逐渐出现形态差异，直至其中1－4枚发育成心皮，其余的发育成雄蕊；而后的几轮 心皮原基，6枚一轮，陆续向心相间发生。本文揭示了3枚萼片螺旋状的发生方式，并推测这种螺旋方式是泽泻科植物进化过程中保留下来     

商陆属中五基数花起源于三基数花的新证据——非洲商陆的花器官发生

运用扫描电镜和石蜡切片方法对非洲商陆Phytolacca dodecandra L′Her.的花器官发生过程及花器官各部分的位置排列进行了观察。结果表明：非洲商陆萼片5枚，以螺旋向心方式发生；没有观察到花瓣原基的发生；雄蕊为螺旋离心方式发生，前4枚雄蕊分2对出现在对萼位置，但此后发生的雄蕊的发生顺序明显区别于其他种；心皮4-5枚，与内部雄蕊互生。本文探讨了时空因素对花器官发生的影响，基于对非洲商陆花器官发生的观察，否定了“商陆属源于二轮雄蕊样式”的假说，并为商陆属中“五基数花起源于三基数花”的观点提供了新的证据。     

三白草科花部发育及其系统学意义

本研究从比较三白草科属间小花个体发育及分析花器官数量变异入手，探寻花器官在发生顺序、数目变化及排列方式等方面的演化趋势，揭示系统发育在个体发育中一定程度重现的事实及属间的进化关系。结果简述如下：首先，雄蕊和心皮发生顺序由中部优先演化到两侧优先。其次，由于远中雄蕊和心皮经历了从发育延迟、生长减缓到最终消失的历程，中部雄蕊和心皮由成对演化为单生。此外，两侧生雄蕊对由各自独立的原基发生演化到共同原基发生或减化为1枚，假银莲花属近中1枚雄蕊原基二裂成1对，蕺菜属3枚心皮发生于一环状共同原基等，都是该科花器官演化的重要事实并可归结为融合、减化和复化的结果。文章根据花器官的演化趋势及过渡类型的剖析，论述了三白草科属间的系统进化关系。     

澜沧荛花(瑞香科)的花部形态发生 及其系统学意义

通过扫描电镜对澜沧荛花Wikstroemia delavayi花部的形态发生过程进行了观察和分析，旨在为该属的系统学研究提供花部发育形态学资料。澜沧尧花花部的发生和早期发育呈远轴面向近轴面的顺序，但这一式样由于近轴面的器官在早期发育之后生长加速发生了转变。因此，花开放时所表现的所谓辐射对称，显然是由同一轮器官的异率生长所导致的次生现象。花盘发生于花萼筒基部的远轴面上，与花萼、雄蕊的发生间隔时间较长。花盘原基在下轮雄蕊着生处凹陷或间断，与之相对应，花盘裂片与下轮雄蕊呈互生。由此，花盘显然不是花托的一部分，也不是象花萼、雄蕊和心皮一样的独立结构，将其解释为雄蕊群的一部分更合理。花盘的发生和早期发育及其着生位置同其他花部器官的发生和发育式样具有明显的相关性，这种相关性对进一步阐明瑞香属Daphne和荛花属Wikstroemia的系统发育关系具有—定意义。根据对雌蕊群的发生和发育过程观察，该种的子房是由一个近轴面的可育心皮和一个远轴面的不育心皮融合而成的单室子房，为假单心皮雌蕊。尽管荛花属和瑞香属均属于单室产房，但澜沧荛花的子房维管束中的腹束排列于中轴位置，而目前资料显示瑞香属植物的腹束接近于侧膜位置，这方面仍需进一步研究。     

马桑绣球(绣球科)的花器官发生和发育

在扫描电镜下观察了马桑绣球Hydrangea aspera孕性花的发生及发育过程。马桑绣球的花器官向心轮状发生：花萼原基以2/5螺旋式相继发生，花瓣原基几乎同步发生。花瓣开始发育时，与花萼相对的雄蕊发生。与花瓣相对的雄蕊原基与心皮原基几乎同时出现。初始心皮向上扩展，分化出花柱和柱头，向下延伸，嵌入花托，发育为下位子房。花发育成熟时，隔膜于子房的下部连续，而中部和上部不连续，即子房为不完全2室。经过与绣球属已观察过的另外5种1亚种花器官发生和发育比较，发现马桑绣球与藤绣球H. ano mala subs     

花朵对称的奥秘

花朵是植物给人类最美好的礼物,在承担着繁衍重任的同时,还给人类带来丰富的感官享受和无穷的艺术灵感。除了赏心悦目的外表,对称均衡的美感也是花朵为人所喜爱的重要因素。多数被子植物的花朵都是由好几轮器官组合而成的,由外至内分别是萼片、花瓣、雄蕊、雌蕊(由单个或多个心皮构成)。这些花器官总是沿着某种对称方式生长排布,可谓巧夺天工。怪物的故事     

独叶草形态学的研究III.花、果实和种子的形态和解剖

本文报道独叶草 Kingdoinia uniflora 的花、果实和种子的形态结构规律。  花的各部分     多而无定数，呈螺旋状排列。花被片的脉序呈开放的二叉分枝，可分三类。雄蕊分能育和不     育两类，维管束单一，后者顶端的凹沟内具蜜腺，前者的花粉囊呈侧向-外向着生。心皮分化     为三部分，子房具柄，含1枚横生胚珠。开花时，心皮不完全闭合，属半开放型，近似黄连属(Coptis)植物。聚合瘦果，种子1枚，胚处于原胚期，胚乳丰富。文中还讨论了有关形态演化问题。     

单穗升麻的柱头和雌配子体发育及胚胎发生

单穗升麻的雌蕊群由1～5枚离生心皮组成。子房单室,4～9枚倒生胚珠,双珠被,厚珠心;大孢子四分体呈线形或T形排列,合点端一个具功能。胚囊发育为蓼型。成熟胚囊中3个单核反足细胞,胞质浓密,在球形胚时期尚能观察到其退化痕迹。极核融合早,次生核位于合点端。胚胎发生为柳叶菜型;核型胚乳。雄蕊凋谢后1～2天花柱顶端腹缝线周围出现乳突细胞,雄蕊凋谢后3～5天延长成柱头毛。讨论了单穗升麻与南川升麻柱头可授期与花粉生活力的差异对传粉效果和结籽率的显著影响。     

一个原始的兰科新属进兰属(Tangtsinia)及其在系统发育上的意义

   Tangtsinia* S. C. Chen, a monotypic genus, is discovered in southeastern Szechuan in China.  It possesses a rather ordinary monocotyledonous habit, namely with a short rhizome, non-thickend annual stem with scattered, spiral-arranged leaves and a terminal inflorescence.  Its habit somewhat similar to that of some very  primitive  genera,  viz. Apostasia, Tropidia, Cephalanthera and Selenipedilum, is  of much  morphological and phylogenetic interest.      The primitive and significant floral features consist chiefly in the erect, hardly twisted flower with nearly regular perianth and a unilocular ovary, in the column composed of a terminal stigma and five small projections, in an erect anther with four naked pollinia, and in the absence of the rostellum.  Of special interest is the occurrence of five small projections in the upper part of the column, and this is, however, a unique instance in the family, including the Apostasieae.  Among the five projections three are larger and opposite to the petals respectively.  Of these the two lateral ones bear a strong resem- blance in texture to the two auricles in the Orchideae and some members of the Limo- dorinae, which P. Vermeulen considered not as staminodia, but as appendages of the single fertile stamen as usually seen in Allium.  In the case of Tangtsinia, there exists the third projection which, being situated in the front of the column and thus opposite to the median petal  (lip), shows no difference both in appearance and texture from the other two.  These three projections are at equal distance  around  the  terminal  stigma.   In view of these facts they can be no other organ than staminodia, representing the three stamens of the inner whorl. And the other two smaller projections are also staminodia which together with the single fertile stamen represent the outer whorl of three stamens. Now it is safe to say that the two auricles existing in Cephalanthera, Epipactis and the Orchideae are, in fact, also staminodia, representing the two lateral stamens of the in- ner whorl.  In consequence, there is fairly good reason to believe that the column in Orchidaceae has developed from the union of six stamens and a central style, and this is in agreement with the conclusion drawn by Swamy from vascular anatomy of orchid flowers.  Furthermore it is also an interesting fact that the pollen grains in this genus, like those of Cephalanthera, Pogonia (sensu stricto), Aphyllorchis and some species of the Vanillinae, are single, while in the vast majority of the Orchidoideae they are united into tetrads.  This feature, as well as the texture of pollen grains, is of considerable significance in the classification and phylogeny of Orchidaceae.      On the basis of its morphological characters mentioned above, the present genus is evidently one of the most primitive types in the  subfamily  Orchidoideae.   It bears a strong resemblance both in habit and floral features to Cephalanthera, especially C. falcata (Thunb.) Bl. The relationship between these two genera is apparently much closer to each other than to any of other existing primitive orchids.  In addition, the similarity in some of significant floral characters between Tangtsinia and the saprophytic Aphyllorchis, especi- ally in the nearly regular perianth and a subterminal stigma  of  A. simplex  Tang  et Wang, indicates their close relationship.  It is  quite possible  that  Cephalanthera  and Aphyllorchis are derived from Tangtsinia or Tangtsinia-like  ancestor.  Thus, Tangtsinia is here placed as the most primitive genus in the  Limodorinae.  Furthermore  this  new genus likewise shows more or less close affinity to Neottia, probably through N. gaudis- sarti Hand.-Mzt., in which the flowers consist of nearly regular perianth and a very primitive column with a terminal stigma and without the rostellum.  On the other hand, in comparing Tangtsinia with the Apostasieae, there occurs also some similarity, but a closer investigation of their ovaries, perianthes, stigmas and some other features indicates that there is little evidence of close or direct relationship  between these  two  taxa, al- though both are the ancestral types in this large family. The probable relationships be- tween Tangtsinia and its allies may be diagrammed as follows:      With regard to the pollination, Tangiorchis is found to be self-pollinated. In the great majority of cases, its flowers do not open at all, and none of which has been seen to be visited by any insects.  It is interesting to note that in almost all nearly faded flowers examined by the writer the bases of the pollinia together with the base of the anther have become attached to the stigma of the same flower,  and  thus  self-pollination has taken place.  This type of pollination might be comparable with that of Cephalanthera dama- sonia Druce.      Finally the writer should say something about its geographical distribution. This mo- notypic genus is confined to Gin-fu-shan (Mt. Gin-fu) and its adjacent region in Nan- chuan District of southeastern Szechuan, where it occurs at scattered points within an area of no more than 250 square km. at an altitude between 700-2100 m. In view of its mor- phology, pollination and geographical distribution, Tangtsinia might be an ancestral relic of the family Orchidaceae and would give a possible clue as to the origin of this complicatedfamily.     

中国毛茛科植物小志(廿二)

 (1)揭示了铁线莲属以下演化趋势:萼片由开展到直立;雄蕊由无毛到有毛;雄蕊花丝由条形演 化到披针状条形或倒披针状条形;花药由长圆形演化到条形或狭条形;药隔不突出到在顶端突出;在雄 蕊被毛时,毛由少而短到多而长;此外花序由具花序梗和苞片到花序梗和苞片消失,以及由自当年生枝 叶腋生出转变到自老枝腋芽中生出。主要根据上述演化趋势,本文将我国铁线莲属各组及组下分类群做出新的排列。(2)描述了6新亚组,6新系,2新种,4新变种,给出了5新组合,4新等级和2新名。