模块化下企业创新生态系统结构与演化机制——海尔集团2005-2019年的纵向案例研究

制造企业生态化创新战略转型中,枢纽企业为获得长期竞争优势,如何伴随创新生态系统的演化而做出技术、商业决策？依据“情境-结构-机制”的研究框架对海尔集团进行纵向案例研究,从模块化视角探索企业创新生态系统结构、演化机制与路径特征。研究表明：（1）情境主导了技术创新的可实现性,技术标准、用户需求和政策支持3个情境因素驱动企业创新生态系统的交互演进。（2）发现企业创新生态系统结构的3个重要特征,即创新架构模块化、交互界面开放性、网络治理嵌入性。海尔模块化生态圈战略转型历经的开拓布网期、扩展织网期和颠覆融网期3个发展阶段,以 “产品、生产模块化-组织模块化-超模块化”的架构创新驱动了海尔集团创新生态系统 “以内部研发为中心的创新体系-以产业链协同为中心的创新体系-以用户为中心的创新生态系统”的演化路径。（3）企业创新生态系统的创新实现机制突出表现在杠杆、协同和互利机制上,通过揭示系统的结构特征与实现机制的作用逻辑,提出杠杆机制呈现出重用“模块资源-平台资源-场景资源”的演化路径,协同机制使枢纽企业在系统中的角色沿着 “分解者-平台领导者-创新集成商”演化,互利机制呈现出“企业主导-开放市场机制”的演化路径。研究结论丰富和发展了创新生态系统理论,为传统制造企业的创新生态系统战略转型提供方案设计启示。     

我国传统制造业长期难以转变增长方式的主要成因

本文结合我国现阶段情况,将食品加工业、饮料制造业、纺织业、造纸及纸制品业、化学原料及制品制造业、有色金属冶炼及压延加工业、普通机械制造业、烟草加工业、石油加工及炼焦业、橡胶制品业、塑料制品业、非金属矿物制品业、黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业和金属制品业等14个行业作为一个整体,研究了我国传统制造业长期难以转变增长方式的主要成因。本文认为我国传统制造业长期粗放增长有五大成因,即各级政府经济发展理念陈旧;产业技术普遍落后,技术创新匮乏;企业管理与产业组织落后;部分行业生产能力严重过剩加剧了企业的低层次竞争;中央政府的政策规制和宏观调节乏力。     

模块化嵌入的一流企业产学研用协同创新演化：理论建构与案例探索

首先分析了模块化对于一流企业技术创新的影响，构建了基于平台模块化的产学研用协同创新系统模型。在此基础上，结合典型案例探讨了其在模块化嵌入下的产学研用协同创新实践和演化轨迹；其次，围绕“用户协同-资源协同-组织协同”三个维度，归纳对比了产品模块化、组织模块化和平台模块化下案例企业的产学研用协同创新效应。研究发现：产品模块化、组织模块化可以被赋予调节产学研用协同创新的功能，而平台模块化既有利于推动企业与大学、科研机构从“面对面”转向“背靠背”的合作创新，也能通过开放企业平台资源来激发合作伙伴的创新潜能。     

数字化转型何以影响枢纽企业创新绩效？——基于模块化视角的实证研究

如何揭开数字化转型提升枢纽企业创新绩效的面纱,既是创新战略研究的前沿课题,也是管理实践的难题。基于模块化理论,提出数字化转型影响创新生态系统枢纽企业创新绩效的杠杆机制（模块化产品架构）和协同机制（模块化组织架构）,以“战略—结构—绩效”的研究范式,构建数字化转型作用于企业创新绩效的链式中介模型,通过跨层次的模块化架构演进动态分析,提出模块化架构与治理机制协同的双重演化路径。研究表明：（1）数字化转型对枢纽企业创新绩效有显著促进作用;（2）模块化产品架构与模块化组织架构分别在数字化转型与企业创新绩效的正向影响中起部分中介作用,且在上述影响中起链式中介作用。（3）模块化产品架构及其镜像的模块化组织架构的演进,是现阶段枢纽企业应对数字化转型的重要结构支撑。微观上揭示数字化转型的黑箱机制是对以往研究的丰富与补充,并启示企业的数字化管理实践。     

产品模块化对技术创新的影响机理研究:基于制造柔性的中介效应

为探究产品模块化(模块化设计、模块化生产)与技术创新的影响机理,首先通过理论分析做出制造柔性(新产品开发柔性、生产柔性)在两者间起中介作用的假设;接着根据关于珠三角制造业的调查问卷的数据,运用LISREL构建出变量间的结构方程,验证得到,制造柔性在产品模块化和技术创新之间起显著的部分中介作用,新产品开发柔性在模块化设计和技术创新之间起部分中介作用,生产柔性在模块化生产和技术创新之间起完全中介作用。该研究可为制造企业如何进行技术创新提供指导。     

国际技术创新研究前沿领域的知识图谱分析——作者共被引网络与聚类分析视角

 运用最新可视化技术与科学计量学方法,绘制当代国际技术创新研究作者共被引知识图谱,从中探析其存在8个主要研究前沿领域,并且确定了其研究主题,即“基于演化视角的国家与产业创新系统”、“企业及产业的内生技术创新”、“基于演化视角的产业及企业创新与其成长”、“基于演化视角的产业及企业创新与知识管理的关系”、“创新与知识溢出”、“开放式创新范式下的产业及企业研发与其成长”、“产品创新绩效与知识管理的关系”、“基于动态能力的产业及企业创新与组织环境的关系”等。     

加价能力、行业结构与企业研发投资——市场势力与技术创新关系的再检验

市场势力是影响企业技术创新的重要因素,来自不同国家样本的实证检验得到了丰富而多样的经验证据,但学者们普遍忽视了一个重要问题,即市场势力在企业和行业层面具有的不同内涵,以及二者对企业技术创新行为的差异性影响。本文创新性地从微观和中观两个层面,将市场势力分为个体企业拥有的加价能力和表征市场竞争情况的行业结构,从理论上阐述了加价能力与行业结构影响企业研发投资的机制,进而构建双层线性模型处理行业和企业的双层结构数据,以中国制造业二位码行业和微观企业数据为样本进行了实证检验,结果表明：勒纳指数对企业研发投资的影响显著为负,说明加价能力越强创新投入反而越低,并不存在预期的熊彼特效应;对于有研发企业而言,行业结构通过勒纳指数发挥间接作用,市场集中度的降低有利于削弱勒纳指数对企业研发投资的抑制作用,产生逃离竞争效应,而此种效应在大中型企业中更为突出,对于行业中的小型企业而言,市场竞争并不能起到激励研发投资的效果。     

产品模块化与企业技术及其创新的战略管理

通过对产品模块化理论的回顾,分析了继信息和知识时代之后模块化时代的来临．完善了模块化产品的基本构成与基本概念,在传统技术创新理论的重要性和可显性维度基础之上增加了技术创新的架构维度,并提出了新颖的模块化技术创新（MBTI）的架构模型．基于该架构模型,结合国内外企业技术及创新管理的实际战略,指出了在经济和市场日益全球化的今天,中国制造企业将不得不对以市场换技术的传统经营思路进行重新思考．MBTI架构模型不仅可以比较有效地分析企业技术竞争与合作的战略行为,也为中国政府与企业制定技术及创新的政策或战略提供理论依据．     

Brokerage and balance: Creating an effective organizational interface for product modularization in multinational R&D

Despite numerous studies on modularity, the modularization processes have received less attention. In the global context, product modularity can be leveraged to satisfy heterogeneous market requirements across countries with low costs. Through a longitudinal case study of HomeTech, we examined how multinational R&D created an effective organizational interface to facilitate recombination of its organizational units, and thus product modularization. We found that three elements of an organizational interface were established through a process composed of three phases in HomeTech R&D: regional concentration, establishing a module pool, and creating architecture leader posts. We also found that the three elements exerted the balancing effect and the brokerage effect so that the organizational interface was effective in facilitating recombination of organizational units. We contribute to the literature through showing how organizational modularity can affect product modularity within a firm. We also reveal the critical role of architecture leaders in product modularization. Finally, we enrich the organizational interface concept by highlighting the combination of elements.     

Unravelling the drivers of technological innovations in the Czech Republic: Do international technological linkages matter?

This study aims to investigate the main factors driving technological innovation within firms in the manufacturing and service sectors of the Czech Republic. We apply a binary logistic regression model to cross-sectional data from 502 firms, obtained from the World Bank Enterprise Survey. The results of our empirical investigation show that certain elements of the business environment, such as the tax rate, serve as significant obstacles to firms’ product innovations. The results also confirm that international technological linkages—measured by international quality certificates and foreign technology licenses—affect technological innovations. Moreover, we found that internal R&D activities positively impact technological innovation across all sectors; contrarily, we found that process innovation in the manufacturing sector is positively influenced by foreign technology licenses and business association membership. Process innovations in the service sector are positively correlated with external R&D and financing from banking institutions. Finally, business association membership does not positively influence technological innovation in the service sector. Our findings have salient implications for firm managers, policymakers, and scholars aiming to explore and improve innovation outcomes in transitional economies.     

技术融合、技术动荡性与新产品开发绩效研究

摘要：技术融合是产业融合的重要标志,对引导重大颠覆性技术创新和新产品开发具有非常重要的推动作用。在技术高速发展的动荡环境下,分析互补性技术融合、替代性技术融合与企业新产品开发绩效之间的关系。利用我国汽车产业343家新能源汽车企业新产品和专利数据,采用负二项固定效应回归模型进行实证研究发现：替代性技术融合有利于促进企业开发更多新产品,而互补性技术融合与企业新产品开发绩效呈倒U型关系。同时,技术动荡性负向调节互补性技术融合与企业新产品开发绩效之间的正向关系,但技术动荡性对替代性技术融合与企业新产品开发绩效之间关系的调节效应不显著。     

不同技术水平产业集群绩效实现机理比较研究

受Adner技术挑战理论的启发,选取杭州安防视频监控产业和温州鞋革业两类不同技术水平的集群进行跨案例比较研究,探究产业链中不同位置企业所面临的技术挑战对不同技术层次产业集群整体绩效影响的作用机制。通过实地调研、二手数据搜集和权威期刊关键词分析等,描述上述两类产业集群产业链结构和技术变迁,并重点分析集群中上游组件商和下游互补件商所面临的技术挑战对集群焦点企业及其整体绩效的影响。研究发现：(1)在高技术集群中,上游组件商所面临的技术挑战对焦点企业和集群整体绩效有促进作用,而下游互补件商所面临的技术挑战对其有抑制作用;(2)在低技术集群中,上游组件商所面临的技术挑战对焦点企业和集群整体绩效无显著相关性,而下游互补件商所面临的技术挑战对其有促进作用。     

Bridging distant technological domains: A longitudinal study of the determinants of breadth of innovation diffusion

The diffusion of innovations is identified as an important aspect of technological and social change. Innovations diffuse through segmented networks of knowledge that limit the flow of knowledge from any one technological domain to any other. Despite this segmentation, some organizations are capable of developing pieces of knowledge that overcome these limitations. Within this context, we develop four hypotheses regarding specific R&D strategies that affect a firm’s ability to develop inventions that diffuse beyond the firm’s technological boundaries. Specifically, we examine how a firm's scientific intensity, technological collaborations, technological diversity, and internal focus impact breadth of innovation diffusion. We use two of the main determinants of innovation diffusion, namely, the relative advantage and the observability, as theoretical mechanisms to build our arguments. We empirically test our hypotheses on longitudinal data from the industries of pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and chemicals. Our findings show that the extent to which the knowledge embedded in a firm’s inventions diffuses in distant technological areas is positively related to the firm’s scientific intensity and to its extent of collaboration, but it is negatively related to its technological diversity.     

Performance feedback,competitive repertoire simplicity,and technological evolution in a televised design contest

Research suggests that in industries where firms compete primarily on the relative merits of their designs, performance feedback from repeated episodes of competitive rivalry often leads firms to focus their resources on progressively fewer design features. Applying 0185 and 0190 concept of ‘competitive repertoire simplicity’ we argue that the shift from broad to narrow set of technological options marking technological evolution is the product of multi-level interaction between competitive design decisions made at the individual firm level, and technological knowledge that accumulates at the industry level. Taking advantage of an elimination tournament called Robot Wars – where competition is transparent, regulated and is marked by repeat participation – we examine repertoire simplicity and its escalation over iterative episodes of dyadic rivalry. Using a data set of 296 robotic designs over 4 episodes of this design contest we find evidence for (a) escalating repertoire simplicity causing convergence in design configurations; and (b) hypothesized, but rarely tested, links between competition at the individual team level and technological evolution at the population level.     

Embedding with multiple knowledge sources to improve innovation performance: the learning experience of Motorola in Brazil

This article explores how a subsidiary of a multi-national enterprise (MNE) in an emerging economy embeds with multiple knowledge sources, both in its corporate network (internal) and in the host country (external), to create the capability to undertake innovative activities. Drawing on first-hand and intra-firm field evidence over the lifetime of a subsidiary in the information and communications technology industry in Brazil (1996–2009) the article finds that: (1) Within 10 years, the case subsidiary attained advanced, near-world leading innovation performance in three technological functions: project management, software engineering and product and solutions; (2) This was an outcome of how the firm simultaneously engaged in knowledge-intensive linkages based on increased frequency of use and improved quality over time, with specific internal and external counterparts; (3) However, some counterparts and linkages were more effective than others in contributing to the subsidiary's innovation performance. Drawing on a novel approach that examines the relationship between dual embeddedness and innovative performance, this article extends our understanding of embeddedness as part of knowledge-seeking strategies of MNE-subsidiaries. It also provides new insights to deepen the analysis of the nuances of subsidiaries’ multiple embeddedness, especially in emerging economies.     

制造业企业期望绩效反馈效果、公司发展方式与企业技术创新——基于组织行为理论的研究

在制造业企业创新驱动时代背景下,本文基于组织行为理论,探索了制造业企业期望绩效反馈效果对企业技术创新效果的影响,并在此基础上结合公司发展理论和产品市场理论探讨了公司发展方式与产品市场竞争的情境效应以及二者的联合情境效应。以制造业A股2001-2014年的面板数据对理论假设进行检验,结果显示：企业期望绩效反馈效果对企业技术创新效果产生正向影响;相比于外延型的发展方式而言,企业选择内涵型的发展方式更有利于推动企业的技术创新活动;而产品市场竞争在一定程度上也能够增强这种正向影响;最后,公司内涵型发展方式与产品市场竞争的联合情境效应对企业技术创新效果同样具有正向的调节作用。     

The effect of external and internal factors on firms’ product innovation

In this article we analyse the effect of factors external and internal to the firm, on product innovation novelty, and how this effect varies by industry. We estimate three econometric models to determine the individual effects of these factors, their joint explanatory power and the effects of interactions among them. The analysis is based on a sample of 6094 manufacturing firms, taken from the Spanish Survey of Technological Innovation 2000. The results indicate that the firm's technological competences, derived from in-house R&D, are the main determinant of product innovation. They also suggest that in the presence of high levels of such competences, the technological opportunities deriving from non-industry agents become less important as determinants of innovation. We show that the determinants of innovation vary depending on the industrial sector and the degree of novelty of the product developed.     

基于大规模定制的服务创新策略

本文在服务创新、服务产品开发和大规模定制思想的基础上对基于大规模定制的服务创新策略展开探索性研究。首先给出问题的界定和相关概念的辨析,接着给出相关几方面研究的综述,引出本研究论题的意义。再次从服务包和服务产品构件层次的角度出发,初步确立基于大规模定制的服务创新策略框架,包括可组合模块化服务创新和总线模块化服务创新,并对其适用条件等加以讨论。还对浙江移动通信的服务创新展开典型案例分析。最后给出全文分析的总结和展望。     

Sectoral patterns of small firm innovation, networking and proximity

Drawing upon a sample of 597 small and medium-sized manufacturing firms, this article investigates the extent to which cooperation for innovation is associated with firm-level product and process ‘innovativeness’ and, where collaborative relationships are reported, the factors which influence their spatial distribution. With respect to the former issue, the data suggests considerable variety of association across Pavitt’s [Research Policy 13 (1994) 343] sectoral taxonomy and innovation type. However, the data also indicates the need for caution when developing network strategies or policies: the evidence presented here is unequivocal in noting that innovation is neither a necessary nor less a sufficient condition for innovation. Moreover, internal resources often act as complements to, or indeed appears to negate the need for, external resources. With regards to the spatial distribution of firm linkages, it appears that increasing firms size and export propensity are positively associated with external linkages at a higher spatial level. Moreover, the spatial reach of innovation-related linkages is also likely to be greater for firms reporting the introduction of relatively novel innovations (i.e. products or processes which are new to the industry). In contrast, smaller firms and firms engaged in incremental product innovations appear more likely to be locally embedded.     

行业竞争、资本结构与产品市场竞争力

摘要：本文以我国上市公司的数据为样本,利用企业的投资能力和市场份额描述产品市场竞争力,从行业竞争差异的角度探讨了资本结构对我国企业产品市场竞争力的影响。研究表明资本结构对企业的产品市场竞争力具有显著影响,且这种影响对处于不同竞争程度行业的企业有所差异。资本结构的提高对企业的投资能力会产生负效应,且这种负效应随着行业竞争程度的下降也会有所减弱。总体上,资本结构的提高有利于市场份额的提高,且这种正效应也会随着行业竞争程度的下降而下降。但当企业本身资本结构已经处于一个较高的水平时,资本结构的提高易使企业的市场份额下降,从而可能陷入财务危机,尤其当行业竞争激烈时。本文的研究不仅丰富了我国资本结构对产品市场竞争力影响的研究文献,也为企业决策者在制定目标资本结构时提供了参考。