基于文献计量的“一带一路”区域及沿线国家科研合作态势研究

科技合作是推动实施"一带一路"倡议的重要举措。此研究基于爱思唯尔的Scopus数据库,从定量数据分析的角度全面揭示"一带一路"区域和沿线国家的整体科研产出态势、国际合作特征、"一带一路"合作格局以及"一带一路"合作伙伴。结果显示:"一带一路"国家的科研产出规模差异较大,呈现不均衡分布状态;"一带一路"沿线国家的国际合作水平差异较大,自主研究论文占比较高,并且大多数国家"一带一路"合作强度较低;中国处于"一带一路"国际科研合作网络的中心位置。     

基于复杂网络多尺度的科研合作模式研究方法

运用网络科学理论解析科研合作网络的结构特征,借以阐明科研主体的合作模式和行为机制,是当前科研合作关系研究的重要方向。基于复杂网络多尺度理论,研究构建了科研合作模式自宏观、中观到微观的多尺度分析方法,包括全局、模块和模体基本概念、一般方法及科研涵义;进而运用于实际复杂网络领域科学家合作网络中,有效揭示了不同尺度的合作模式和行为机制。研究提供了科研合作系统模式监测、分析和管理的层次化思路和方法。     

A view from the coal face: UK research student perceptions of successful and unsuccessful collaborative projects

Studies of the effectiveness of collaborative research partnerships between industrial and academic institutions rarely focus on understanding success as perceived by those involved in the research activities. We explore the extent to which three classes of potential success factor are correlated with perceived collaborative research success; supervisor characteristics, project management characteristics, and communication characteristics. Findings are based on a questionnaire-based survey of 348 doctoral students supported by the UK Research Councils’ Engineering Doctorate (EngD) and Co-operative Awards in Science & Engineering (CASE) schemes. Conclusions describe how the experience of collaboration as a process influences and how successful students consider the collaboration to be for themselves and the collaborating institutions.     

我国政府资助的国际合作研究项目特征分析

国际科研合作是科学复杂化、科研人员专业化的产物,也是提升科学进步与发展的重要选择。分析我国政府支持的国际合作研究项目的资助特征及项目层面我国国际科研合作情况对科技政策制定者、科研管理人员制定与优化国际科研合作政策、管理规章制定等具有重要意义。本研究以国家自然科学基金委2001-2018年资助的1053项“重大国际（地区）合作研究项目”为对象,通过数理统计、地理空间分析、社会网络分析的方法,从项目资助和合作网络两个层面分析“重大国际（地区）合作研究项目”的资助时间、地区、学科分布特征以及国家、机构合作网络特征。分析发现：?2001-2018年“重大国际（地区）合作研究项目”资助规模整体呈先快速上升后平稳发展的趋势。?从资助地区来看,2001-2018年我国共28个地区受到资助,东部地区是资助重点,北京、上海、江苏是资助的主要区域,且资助重心呈由东向西、由北向南的转移趋势,但总体转移幅度不大,我国西部和东北地区依然是资助的薄弱区域。?从资助学科领域来看,不同学科领域资助起始年存在差异,2007年之后资助的学科领域分布开始逐步稳定,其中,医学科学是受资助的重点学科领域,受资助数量呈上升趋势且明显高于其他学科领域;此外,2011年之后除医学科学领域之外各学科领域的资助比例趋于稳定。?从项目合作国家来看,我国共与38个国家（地区）开展过项目合作,但合作国家（地区）总体集中度较高,美、英、德三个国家为重点合作国家,美国与我国的合作最为突出;2001-2018年项目合作国家（地区）不断增加,中美合作强度最为突出,但总体集中于欧洲地区;?从项目合作机构来看,机构资助面越来越广,与国外合作越来越密切;合作网络的连通性不断提升,机构间信息交流越来越通畅;国内清华大学、北京大学、上海交通大学、浙江大学、复旦大学和国外加州大学、德克萨斯大学是国内外合作开展项目较为频繁的机构。建议我国在国际合作研究项目层面进一步优化国际合作研究项目资助重心、调整国际合作研究项目资助领域比例、提高国际科研合作广度与深度。     

Relational mechanisms governing multifaceted collaborative behavior of academic scientists in six fields of science and engineering

Norms of academic science and engineering are moving in the direction of broader applicability and transferability of knowledge beyond the borders of the university. In response, scientists are expected to engage in collaboration that includes both basic and applied collaborative activities. More specifically, the norms of science are beginning to change to allow for novel forms of collaboration that involve sharing of research ideas on multiple facets of collaborative work. This paper examines the extent to which multifaceted collaboration is attributable to relational aspects of individuals’ networks. Specifically, we ask the question: what relational aspects of social capital determine multifaceted collaboration among scientists in six fields of science and engineering? Borrowing literature from social capital and science and technology (S&T) human capital, this paper develops a multi-level model of multifaceted collaboration and presents a set of testable hypotheses. Then using data from a national survey of men and women faculty in six fields, we analyze the multi-level data: relationship or dyad level (level 1) and ego level (level 2) with hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to predict multifaceted collaboration of academic scientists. Findings show that some relational characteristics explain multifaceted collaborative behavior as predicted, while others behave in unexpected ways. Conclusions place the findings in context for theory and policy.     

基于双源数据的云计算创新合作网络多维分析

本文以2002-2016年间的学术文献和专利两种数据源为基础，利用社会网络分析法从论文作者所属机构与专利权人、作者与发明人、学科与技术领域等多维视角，对全球云计算基础研究与应用研究的创新合作网络进行数据挖掘和对比分析。研究发现：云计算论文作者及所属机构间的合作更普遍；专利权人合作网络呈现分散的小网络特点，专利发明人合作关系更密切且群体性更强；云计算的基础学科是计算机理论与方法、电气与电子工程和计算机信息系统，而核心技术是数字计算机和电话与数据传输系统。基于研究结果，提出建立基础创新与应用创新的对接和融合，利用合作网络分析发掘重要的创新竞合对象，精准定位领军人才和创新群体，构建学科知识体系等促进中国云计算协同创新与产教融合的启示和建议。     

Managing research and innovation networks: Evidence from a government sponsored cross-industry program

Important innovations are increasingly produced based on research engagement and fertilization across industries. However, we know little about the challenges associated with managing innovation networks in specific contexts that involves researchers in cross-industry collaboration. Against this backdrop, we draw on theory on design and orchestration of innovation networks to analyze a large-scale government sponsored program, “ProcessIT Innovations” that was designed to increase competitiveness and accelerate economic growth in Northern Sweden. The program was initiated and led by firms from the traditionally strong local process industry and engaged local researchers and firms from the emerging IT industry. Based on our analyses, we offer two contributions. First, we provide a detailed analysis of the challenges related to configuration of the network, orchestration of partnerships between participants, and facilitation of innovation in dedicated development projects. Second, we propose a model of managing research and innovation networks through fertilization across industries and between firms and research institutions.     

Funding incentives, collaborative dynamics and scientific productivity: Evidence from the EU framework program

In this paper we examine how incentives for collaboration shape collaborative behavior and researcher productivity in the context of EU-funded research networks. EU-funded research networks require researchers to collaborate as a condition for securing research funding. The presence of research funding, therefore, may influence collaborative behavior. Our approach involves isolating the effects of funding, collaboration and previous collaborations (prior to funding) on research output, and examining how the pattern of collaboration affects research productivity over time. Employing a panel of 294 researchers in 39 EU research networks over a 15-year period we find that while the impact of funding on productivity is generally positive the overall impact of collaboration within the funded networks is weak. When we delineate between pre-, during- and post-funding periods, however, we find some important differences. During the period of funding, collaboration did not lead to an increase in research production. In the post-funding period we find that although the number of collaborations decreases within the network, the impact of collaboration on productivity is positive and significant. Our findings suggest that collaborations formed to capitalize on funding opportunities, while not effective in enhancing researcher productivity in the short run, may be an important promoter of effective collaborations in the longer run.     

University research centers and the composition of research collaborations

Research collaboration is perhaps the singular feature that university research centers, broadly defined, share. Yet, there has been little systematic study of the center-level attributes that facilitate (or hinder) research collaboration at the individual level. This paper estimates whether center-level measures of research capacity and structure affect center affiliated university scientists’ and engineers’ collaborative behaviors. We consider the effects of center multidisciplinarity, size, and center ties to private firms and to federally funded centers programs on the time allocated to collaboration with researchers from industry, other universities, government laboratories, and abroad. Our analyses compare center to non-center scientists and also address within-group differences among center scientists. The findings demonstrate some center-level attributes to “map” to the expected collaborative behaviors while other center-level attributes do not. We conclude with a discussion of areas for future research and implications for the design and management of university research centers.     

Peering inside research networks: Some observations on the effect of the intensity of collaboration on the variability of research quality

Although there is some general agreement that increasing levels of collaboration amongst academics produce research papers that receive more citations, and that larger numbers of citations often imply higher quality, the issue of collaboration and its effect upon research output remains a controversial area with a wide range of views of what role collaboration plays and its general implications for quality. This paper re-examines the process of collaboration within research networks. It considers the role of collaboration and its effect on quality by studying the relationship between the level of interaction within research networks (collaboration) and the extent of variability of quality within those research networks. Twenty-two scientific networks from Austria are examined. The findings of the analysis are that increasing levels of collaboration are strongly associated with lower levels of variability of quality within each network. The conclusion is therefore drawn that collaboration at the level of the research network acts upon research quality qua peer review and that this peer review effect is inherent throughout the research process.     

科学计量学领域科研合作特征及空间集聚模式研究

【目的/意义】探究国家之间科研合作的倾向性、不平等性及空间集聚模式,为促进国家间科研合作提供理 论依据。【方法/过程】以 WoS中 1978-2018年科学计量学领域的合著文献为基础,通过合作强度、合作强度相似度 反映合作的倾向性,基于基尼系数提出合作不平等性测度指标。同时借助全局、局部空间自相关理论分析科研合 作的空间集聚模式。【结果/结论】科学计量学领域的科学研究具有较强的集中趋势;合作不平等性与合作频次呈递 减关系,合作频次越高的国家之间的合作地位越趋于平等;全球范围的合作强度与合作广度均呈显著空间正相关。 欧洲与北美形成了两大科研合作的高-高集聚区,非洲形成了多个低-低集聚区,而亚洲形成了多个低-高或高-低 的异质集聚区。【创新/局限】本文相较地理距离更进一步探究了科研合作的空间相关关系,后续研究中将加入时间 维度分析科研合作的时空演化特征。     

国际科技合作对跨学科研究影响的评价研究——基于文献计量学分析的视角

基于中国学者在生物技术与应用微生物学、电子电气工程、数学、医学、神经科学、物理学等6个重要研究领域发表的SCI论文,分别将国际合作论文和非国际合作论文作为研究对象,构建论文跨学科研究程度的测度指标,评价国际科技合作对推动跨学科研究的影响程度及中国与世界跨学科研究程度的差异。结果表明:国际合作促进了跨学科的研究;但国际合作推动跨学科研究的程度受研究领域的影响,新兴的、应用性较强的研究领域的跨学科研究程度较高;国际合作论文的跨学科研究程度逐渐提高;中国在多个研究领域的跨学科程度低于国际平均水平。     

Information management for innovation networks—an empirical study on the “who,what and how” in networked innovation

Innovation networks are vital in advancing new product and service development. Particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises, partnering within innovation networks allows to enlarge innovation capabilities and to reach new markets. In order to create effective innovation networks, however, firms are required to adapt to the network. To do so, they must overcome three principal challenges: they need to build partnerships, integrate the partners’ value contributions, and coordinate innovation processes. We followed three innovation networks over a three-year period and examined how they successfully used information systems (IS) to respond to these challenges. On the basis of their experiences we identify IS categories and measures that support setting up an information management for networked innovation. We explicate relevant tasks for managing the aspects of “who, what and how” in networked innovation.     

Research collaboration at a distance: Changing spatial patterns of scientific collaboration within Europe

This study analyses the changing effect of physical distance and territorial borders (regional, national, language) on the intensity of research collaboration across European regions. Using data on all co-publications between 313 regions in 33 European countries for the period 2000-2007, we find that the bias to collaborate with physically proximate partners did not decrease, while the bias towards collaboration within territorial borders did decrease over time. Our results show that the ongoing process of European integration is removing territorial borders, but does not render collaboration less sensitive to physical distance. Given this general trend, there is considerable heterogeneity between regions and countries in their propensity to collaborate which we attribute to differences in size, quality and accessibility. The findings and conclusions are framed within the context of European research policies.     

高校国际科技合作管理举措和交流现状及启示

随着科技日益迅猛发展,学科发展不断整合、细分的特点决定了各国科研工作合作与竞争并存的状态。在我国各高校创建世界一流大学的进程中,国际合作是高校提升科研实力、培养高科技人才必不可缺的重要途径。按发展层次将国际合作划分为5个阶段,通过对国内外部分高校国际合作现状的调查分析,得到一些启示,并对国内高校开展国际合作工作提供了一些思路,针对管理机制举措方面提出一些具体措施。     

欧盟项目ACUMEN的研究人员评价方法及启示

[目的/意义]研究人员评价作为科研评价的一部分在科研管理过程中具有重要意义。[方法/过程]介绍了欧盟科研人员评价标准联合框架ACUMEN的基本情况,阐释了该项目中研究人员评价体系设计的思想与模型以及具体的评价指标和方法,重点分析了该评价方法的特点。[结果/结论]ACUMEN评价方法对我国研究人员评价实践的启示与思考。     

基于Meta方法的气候灾害影响经济发展的文献分析

气候变暖是人类社会需要共同应对的挑战。但气候灾害对经济发展有何影响,现有研究结论不完全一致。本文搜集了77篇研究文献、1833个参数估计值,根据数据来源、灾害类型、灾害变量、恢复力因素、估计方法和发表特征等六方面的数据,采用Meta回归方法,分析了研究结果差异性的偏倚来源,总结了气候灾害影响经济发展的一般性规律。结果表明:(1)气候灾害对区域的经济发展带来了显著影响,但直接经济损失研究存在显著的发表偏倚;(2)灾害的时间跨度及所在区域的发展水平对研究结果的影响较大,总体而言,气候灾害对发展水平较低的区域的影响更明显;(3)GDP、教育、投资、开放性、人口密度、制度水平及灾害援助等恢复力因素在不同程度上影响着研究结果,但在直接经济损失和间接经济损失研究中的作用存在差异。最后提出,未来可研究各种恢复力因素的作用机制和具体影响,本文为气候变化经济学研究提供了新的视角和方法,是已有研究的有益补充。     

中国科学研究国际合作的测度和分析

 科技资源全球化流动与配置的趋势日益明显,而科学研究国际合作有助于提升国家在全球范围掌控、调配科技资源的能力。基于SCI国际合著论文数据,综合应用文献计量和社会网络分析方法,从国际合作整体发展态势、学科领域国际合作倾向、优势和弱势学科国际合作地位差异、高质量成果国际合作依存性等四个角度分析中国2000年至2010年的国际合作特征。结果表明,中国积极、广泛地开展了国际合作研究,中国科研人员国际合作的主导地位也在不断加强。然而,中国的学科领域国际合作呈现出合作率与合作地位的奇异性,而且中国的高质量工作具有较高的国际依存性。     

Research collaboration and research output: A longitudinal study of 65 biomedical scientists in a New Zealand university

Collaborative research has been increasingly celebrated by the science community, but the hypothesized positive relationship between research collaboration and research output is more assumed than rigorously tested. In this paper, we identify three methodological gaps in the literature: (a) hierarchical coding based on the ISI Web of Science database causes severe loss of information on local collaboration, (b) the relationship between research collaboration and research output is likely to be confounded by a common latent variable such as a scientist's ability, and (c) the lack of longitudinal analysis prevents causal inferences from being made. To address these methodological concerns, we constructed a longitudinal dataset of 65 biomedical scientists at a New Zealand university and coded collaboration variables by hand checking each of their publications in a period of 14 years. We found that at article level, both within-university collaboration and international collaboration are positively related to an article's quality and that, at scientist-year level, only international collaboration is positively related to a scientist's future research output.     

The challenge of managing boundary-spanning research activities: Experiences from the Swedish context

Contemporary and future challenges when managing research involve coping with emerging prerequisites which include, among other things, a new knowledge production discourse, new research funding methods and new ways for international collaboration. Managers for boundary-spanning research activities need to combine the sometimes opposing logics and perspectives of the multiple stakeholders—the individual researchers searching for independence, sustainability and freedom and others searching for integration, relevance and predictability. Based on a collaborative research set-up including interviews, discussions and workshops with major Swedish research funding agencies, research program managers, experienced industry partners and key stakeholders, the paper identifies six main managerial challenges: (i) lack of focus on research management and unsatisfying prerequisites, (ii) weak identity and low status of the role of the research managers, (iii) few incentives for research management, (iv) lack of leadership development opportunities for researchers, (v) multiple (and sometimes contradictory) expectations from different stakeholders, and (vi) sustained funding. Finally, the managerial implications of these challenges for universities and funding agencies are discussed.