试论企业非正式网络及其在知识共享活动中的作用

文章从企业非正式网络的定义出发,对非正式网络的相关观念进行了辨析,探讨了企业非正式网络和正式网络的关系.在此基础上,文章着重分析了企业非正式网络的交流内容和交流形式.并比较深入地探讨了企业非正式网络在知识共享活动中的作用.     

非正式网络对研发团队绩效的影响—以交互记忆系统为中介变量的实证研究

 国内外学者迄今很少研究非正式网络对研发团队绩效的影响问题。本文以交互记忆系统为中介变量,构建并验证了企业研发团队非正式网络与团队绩效（包括任务绩效和周边绩效）的关系。本文所确定的非正式网络（测量）量表由互动强度、网络密度、沟通质量和网络信任四个构面构成。结构方程模型的检验结果表明,非正式网络除了可以直接影响任务绩效和周边绩效外,还通过交互记忆系统间接影响任务绩效。     

Knowledge flows through informal contacts in industrial clusters: myth or reality?

The role of informal networks in the development of regional clusters has recently received a lot of attention in the literature. Informal contact between employees in different firms is claimed to be one of the main carriers of knowledge between firms in a cluster. This paper examines empirically the role of informal contacts in a specific cluster. In a questionnaire survey, we asked a sample of engineers in a regional cluster of wireless communication firms in Northern Denmark a series of questions on informal networks. We analyze whether the engineers actually acquire valuable knowledge through these networks. We find that the engineers do share even quite valuable knowledge with informal contacts. This shows that informal contacts represent an important channel of knowledge diffusion.     

非正式团体：知识传播的有效途径

知识经济朝代企业不再主要依靠资本、自然资源、劳动力等传统资源创造财富，而是更多地领带于知识，企业唯一的竞争优势就是比竞争对手学习得更快的能力。组织学习发生在正式和非正式团体中，非正式团体比正式团体具有更好的沟通作用，本讨论了组织中非正团体的特点和知识传播过程，认为“实践社团”和非正式网络等非正式团体都具有传播知识的功能，而且最终增进了组织知识。非正式团体的管理对管理来说是一个两难的选择，本建议管理通过识别潜在的非正式团体、为非正式团体提供基本条件和采用非传统的绩效评估方法来培育非正式团体，最后，作建议我国企业界和学术界加强对非正式团体的实践探索和理论探讨，使非正式团体成为企业创造和传播知识的重要途径。     

Formal and informal interorganizational learning within strategic alliances

Learning behaviors of employees can be either formalized (in the form of programmed events and visits) or informal (in the form of spontaneous interaction and knowledge sharing). We investigate the effect that both types of learning behaviors have on interorganizational learning of substantive knowledge in the context of an alliance. We also look at the effects that the two forms of learning behavior have on each other. We find that while informal learning behaviors have a consistently positive effect on the learning outcome and on formal learning behaviors, this is not so for formal learning behaviors. The effect of formal behaviors on both learning outcome and informal behaviors, while positive, diminishes at higher levels. This leads us to conclude that although both informal and formal learning behaviors foster interorganizational learning, too much formalization obstructs learning. Similarly, while formally programmed behaviors do encourage informal learning behaviors of the boundary spanners, an excess of formalization stifles them.     

Informal scientific communication in the agricultural sciences2

This analysis of informal scientific communication emphasizes the communication which occurs among public sector agricultural researchers. While the formal channels and the informal channels constitute the two mutually dependent elements of this communication, the importance of the informal channels is often ignored. The informal communication network is examined utilizing a survey of randomly sampled U.S. agricultural scientists listed in the Current Research Information System (N = 1431). Particular individuals in the informal communication network are viewed as important sources of influence for a variety of research decisions such as choice of problem, methods, key concepts and theoretical orientation. However, informal scientific communication appears to occur infrequently, and to be primarily limited to one's own discipline. Scientists report communication with scientists outside their department, clients and extension staff is limited to less than once a month. In addition, the nature and frequency of the informal scientific communication is highly related to the criteria utilized in establishing research agendas and the publication products. However, the use of and reliance on particular channels of communication may affect scientists and their research in different and sometimes contradictory ways. Consequently, it is important to view the informal scientific communication and the processes and products of science as inextricably bound together in a mutually interdependent social system.     

Knowledge and learning in the horticultural innovation system: A case of Kashmir valley of India

The system of innovation (SI) in the agriculture sector, termed as Agricultural Innovation System (AIS), is one of the most recent trends in innovation research, especially in the developing economies. This approach considers several factors such as actors, complex networks and learning, socio-cultural and political factors that affect the innovation process within a dynamic system. Using the AIS approach, the present paper explores the knowledge and learning interactions in the horticultural sector of Kashmir Valley of India, which offers a mix of both formal and informal activities. The research methodology is qualitative in nature based on both primary and secondary data. For primary data collection, apple growers, private and government sector actors were interviewed and secondary data is based on various reports and published materials related to the apple production in Kashmir. The analysis explores the interactions of knowledge production by formal and informal means in the horticultural sector specifically focusing on the informal ways. In the study, taking the case of canker disease treatment in apple trees by informal ways depicts the productive use of informal knowledge in the horticultural system. It was observed that many factors (social networks, life-long experiences, learning, coordination and group interactions) affect the informal knowledge generation process and the connectivity between formal and informal actors is lagging in the horticulture sector.     

CAS视角下企业正式及非正式网络互动适应环境的理论框架

社交新时代的到来使企业内正式及非正式网络互动问题愈发突出。主流理论往往将企业内正式及非正式因素割裂开来讨论;而少数尝试分析组织内正式和非正式网络互动的研究还停留在概念界定不完整、研究关系静态的阶段,难以反映正式和非正式网络互动影响企业的全貌。CAS理论提供了崭新的思路。在系统分析以往理论研究的基础上,基于CAS视角并结合社会网络分析了企业正式及非正式网络互动适应环境的现象、机理、权变情境等问题,构建了企业通过正式和非正式网络互动适应环境相关问题的理论框架,希望从根本上推动主流理论关注组织内正式及非正式因素整合,弥补现有研究存在不完整和静态的不足,并为实践界设计正式和非正式网络适应环境提供指导。     

非正式网络对双元创新的影响:吸收能力的中介作用和环境动态性的调节作用

分别以非正式网络、双元创新、吸收能力和环境动态性为自变量、因变量、中介变量和调节变量,以227家高新技术企业为样本,通过理论分析与实证研究,揭示非正式网络对双元创新的影响以及吸收能力的中介作用和环境动态性的调节作用.实证结果表明:(1)非正式网路对双元创新有显著的正向作用;(2)潜在吸收能力在非正式网络与渐进性创新之间...     

社交网络平台非正式科学交流的探讨——基于Evolutionary Biology 学科Altmetrics数据计量

随着社交网络平台（Social Networking Services,SNS）的发展,学术文献在SNS上开始广泛传播,也促进了科学家在SNS上进行学术交流,这对学术生态产生了极大的冲击。学术文献在SNS传播是科学家之间的“非正式学术交流”和科学家与公众之间的“非正式科学传播”在SNS平台上的延展。本文对30290篇进化生物学（Evolutionary Biology）WoS文献数据和Altmetrics.com平台Twitter转载数据进行了时间和空间计量及比较分析,对学术文献SNS交流活动进行解读。研究发现,第一,正式交流和非正式之间的相互影响较弱,并且Altmetrics主要受到社交网络平台交流影响;第二,社交网络平台交流偏好于非正式科学传播,是一种新型的“社交网络+科普”科学传播模式;第三,社交网络平台的交流存在时空特征,在交流时间上易“来也匆匆,去也匆匆”,在交流地域上也具有较高的国家倾向性。     

No inventor is an island: Social connectedness and the geography of knowledge flows in the US

Do informal social ties connecting inventors across distant places promote knowledge flows between them? To measure informal ties, we use a new and direct index of social connectedness of regions based on aggregate Facebook friendships. We use a well-established identification strategy that relies on matching inventor citations with citations from examiners. Moreover, we isolate the specific effect of informal connections, above and beyond formal professional ties (co-inventor networks) and geographic proximity. We identify a significant and robust effect of informal ties on patent citations. Further, we find that the effect of geographic proximity on knowledge flows is entirely explained by informal social ties and professional networks. We also show that the effect of informal social ties on knowledge flows is greater for new entrepreneurs or ‘garage inventors’, for older or ‘forgotten’ patents, and for flows across distant technology fields. It has also become increasingly important over the last two decades.     

Using searcher simulations to redesign a polyrepresentative implicit feedback interface

Information seeking is traditionally conducted in environments where search results are represented at the user interface by a minimal amount of meta-information such as titles and query-based summaries. The goal of this form of presentation is to give searchers sufficient context to help them make informed interaction decisions without overloading them cognitively. The principle of polyrepresentation [Ingwersen, P. (1996). Cognitive perspectives of information retrieval interaction: elements of a cognitive IR theory. Journal of Documentation 52, 3–50] suggests that information retrieval (IR) systems should provide and use different cognitive structures during acts of communication to reduce the uncertainty associated with interactive IR. In previous work we have created content-rich search interfaces that implement an aspect of polyrepresentative theory, and are capable of displaying multiple representations of the retrieved documents simultaneously at the results interface. Searcher interaction with content-rich interfaces was used as implicit relevance feedback (IRF) to construct modified queries. These interfaces have been shown to be successful in experimentation with human subjects but we do not know whether the information was presented in a way that makes good use of the display space, or positioned most useful components in easily accessible locations, for use in IRF. In this article we use simulations of searcher interaction behaviour as design tools to determine the most rational interface design for when IRF is employed. This research forms part of the iterative design of interfaces to proactively support searchers.     

企业的社会资本与隐性知识

隐性知识对技术创新的重要性已受到国内外学术界和企业界的普遍关注。在此,从经济社会学的角度,利用社会资本理论来阐述隐性知识的生产和有效转移是建立在非正式网络的基础之上,而非正式网络的建立有赖于企业良好的社会资本。     

Web2.0环境下图书情报学领域的非正式交流——基于博客好友链接的实证研究

Web2.0环境下博客在科学信息的非正式交流中扮演着越来越重要的角色。对Web2.0以及非正式科学交流进行了概述,用社会网络分析法对收集到的图书情报领域专业博客的链接数据进行处理以及详细的分析,发现本领域博客网络小世界特征明显,但博客间的联系较为松散。     

On firm growth in networks

This paper is explorative in nature. Based on an empirical analysis of two different industrial settings (life sciences, LS; information and communication technologies, ICT), it investigates network growth and firm growth in networks. We find a remarkable correspondence between a few fundamental findings of the ‘old’ stochastic approach to the analysis of firm internal growth, and empirically observed patterns of firm external growth through collaborative agreements. We show that scale-free behavior in real-world industrial networks can be accounted for by a general and parsimonious model, originally developed by Herbert Simon in 1955, based on entry and proportional growth. However, relevant departures from the stochastic benchmark are revealed that cannot be ascribed to the effect of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) and growth autocorrelation. Moreover, different regimes of growth are found to be at work in the life sciences for originators versus developers of new business opportunities, reflecting the fact that growth is driven by specialization and division of labor in the processes of generation and attraction/development of technological opportunities.     

Environmental Management,Structure, Networks and Information Exchange: The Case of a Tasmanian Pulp and Paper Mill

Pulp and paper is a major impact industry, in which environmental impacts can be seen to be complex, diverse and characterised by uncertainty and interdependence. A greening process within this industry requires wide ranging environmental knowledge. Also fundamental are effective networks for information exchange and greening is therefore dependent on changes to such networks. This study investigates the issue of how greening occurs, focusing on the process at the Fletcher Challenge New Zealand integrated pulp and paper mill situated in Tasmania, Australia. It was seen that effective greening within this industry relies on information processing capabilities to access external and internal knowledge and skills, and that this is fundamentally dependent on structural arrangements. Appropriate organisational structure and external networks are therefore essential for accessing information and facilitating its dissemination and integration, thereby enhancing the firm's ability to address environmental concerns. The study highlights interaction between the formal change process, one which sought limited change, and an informal change process that continued greening the company beyond the official aims. The reasons for this are located in the power of informal information exchange.     

学术社交网络中iSchool成员机构的学科交互关系研究

[目的/意义]学术社交网络吸引了众多科研人员参与并使用,对学术社交网络中的学科交互研究有利于促进科研人员利用学术社交网络开展非正式交流及跨学科合作。[方法/过程]文章以ResearchGate(RG)为例,将iSchool成员机构作为研究对象,获取61所iSchool机构成员用户的交互关系数据,并对其中的2798所机构及其间所形成的30393条交互关系数据进行社会网络分析。[结果/结论]从交互数量来看,iSchool成员机构在学术社交网络中的学科交互范围较广,但跨学科影响力有限,其跨学科交互情况反映了目前图情学科领域的跨学科研究趋势和研究热点;从交互关系网络来看,iSchool成员机构整体学科交互关系网络结构较为松散,网络还呈现出iSchool成员机构分别主要与人文与社会科学类和工程与技术科学类的机构产生交互关系的两种趋势。此外,对学术社交网络中交互关系的拓展和学术影响力的提高有利于科研合作的开展和学术声望的提升。     

Novelty-oriented value propositions for new technology-based firms: Impact of business networks and growth orientation

To perform, new technology-based firms (NTBFs) need to develop value for customers that distinguish them from others in the market. Therefore, the development of novelty-oriented value propositions are important, and may be influenced by several factors. We argue that the propensity to become more novelty-oriented can be influenced by an internal drive to grow (growth orientation) and by external contributions (business networks). Hence, the purpose of this paper is to analyse how business networks and growth orientation effects on the novelty orientation of NTBF value propositions. Based on survey data from 401 NTBFs founded between 2013 and 2015, in the nascent start-up phase novelty-oriented value propositions of NTBFs positively relate to informal (management) networks, as well as founders' attitudes towards growth. Thus, such networks and attitudes from founders should be supported in the very early phases of start-up if novelty orientation is to be preferred as a performance determinant.     

基于Web2.0的非正式信息交流行为研究

论述Web2.0网络环境特征,分析Web2.0环境下非正式信息交流的内容和过程.在研究非正式信息交流行为的主体、表现形式及特点的基础上,初步构建了基于Web2.0的非正式信息交流行为模式.     

淺談圖形用户界面的外觀設計專利申請保護策略

—、弓I言圖形用户界面(以下簡稱"GUI")是以圖形方式顯示的用户操作界面,隨着電子通訊技術的發展,特别是進入移動互聯網時代,以蘋果公司爲代表的觸屏操作系統極大地推動了GUI的設計和發展。目前,GUI已經被廣泛應用於計算機、手機和智能家電等各類電子産品。