Teacher Evaluation, Teacher Effectiveness and School Effectiveness: Perspectives from the USA

This article provides historical overviews of the conceptual and research and development focus of teacher evaluation, teacher effectiveness and school effectiveness research in the USA. Pertinent literature is cited and arguments are made that these lines of inquiry have coexisted for nearly four without adequate integration. With the fourth stage of school effectiveness research in process, there is a recognition that within school context variables, particularly teacher effectiveness, have important effects on school improvement and school outcomes. Similarly, there is the recognition that findings from school effectiveness research have relevance for studies of teacher effectiveness and ongoing developments in teacher evaluation. Examples of: (a) new generation, learner-centered teacher evaluation systems in the USA that are informed by teacher and school effectiveness research; and (b) the fourth stage of school effectiveness research are described. It is proposed that these lines of research should be merged as completely as possible.     

英国教师教育政策的演变及评析

20世纪80年代末起,教师教育开始成为英国政府的重要政策目标。保守党和工党政府对于教师教育的改革方向基本一致,但是由于改革背景、政治理念等方面的不同,其政策重点也不尽相同,本文就近20年的英国教师教育政策的演变作一探析。20世纪80年代末起,教师教育开始成为英国政府的重要政策目标。保守党和工党政府对于教师教育的改革方向基本一致,但是由于改革背景、政治理念等方面的不同,其政策重点也不尽相同,本文就近20年的英国教师教育政策的演变作一探析。     

Teacher education in the United Kingdom post devolution: convergences and divergences

This paper examines the roles of research in teacher education across the four nations of the United Kingdom. Both devolution and on-going reviews of teacher education are facilitating a greater degree of cross-national divergence. England is becoming a distinct outlier, in which the locus for teacher education is moving increasingly away from Higher Education Institutions and towards an ever-growing number of school-based providers. While the idea of teaching as a research-based profession is increasingly evident in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, it seems that England, at least in respect of the political rhetoric, recent reforms and explicit definitions, is fixed on a contrastingly divergent trajectory towards the idea of teaching as a craft-based occupation, with a concomitant emphasis on a (re)turn to the practical. It is recommended that research is urgently needed to plot these divergences and to examine their consequences for teacher education, educational research and professionalism.     

美国教师评价和学校效能研究

文章从历史角度阐述了美国教师评价研究和学校效能研究所关注的问题.所引用的相关文献说明了美国学校效能研究的四个阶段,在学校环境变量中,特别是教师有效性对学校的发展和成功产生的重要影响.此外,学校效能研究结果与教师评价中的教师有效性和教师的可持续发展有关.     

英国教育评价的特点与启示

英国教育评价体系在保障英国教育处于世界一流水平中发挥着重要作用,具有组织建设注重“独立”、评价工作强调“专业”、评价重点落脚于“内涵”、结果应用突出“高利害”、评价过程实现“开放”等特点。借鉴英国经验,我国教育评价改革要加快建立独立评价体系、构建评价管理专业模式、促使评价重点从规模向内涵转变、形成强有力的评价结果应用机制、提高评价体系开放性等措施积极推进。     

英国入职教师教育国家课程探析

英国入职教师教育国家课程对合格教师资格标准,课程总要求,英语、数学、科学和信息交流技术在学科教学中的应用等几个方面进行了规定,并提出了较为具体的要求。实施其课程的目标是达成合格教师资格标准。该课程具有实践性,注重信息交流技术在学科教学中的作用,注重中小学在教师教育课程中的作用。这些启示我们要尽快制定教师资格标准,强化实践性入职教师教育课程并注重对其实施效果进行指导和监督。     

对电大教师绩效考核有效性的若干思考

电大教师绩效考核存在绩效考核指标体系欠科学、平均主义,忽略平时考核、对考核结果的反馈与应用不充分等问题,主要是由于对绩效考核缺乏科学理解,考核内容不够明确,考核过程缺乏客观性,缺少与考核配套的激励机制。可以通过转变观念,建立电大特色的教师考核指标体系,建立与绩效考核相配套的激励机制、反馈评价应用机制,将绩效考核与职业生涯规划相结合,提高绩效考核的有效性。     

Teacher Evaluation and Effectiveness in Hong Kong: Issues and Challenges

This article first provides an overview of teacher effectiveness and evaluation in Hong Kong. Several studies related to classroom environment and teacher behavior in selected subjects are referenced, as are recent studies of teachers instructional leadership. Finally, the preliminary use of the Revised Classroom Observation Instrument (RCOI) from the Louisiana School Effectiveness Study in three secondary schools is reported. The results from using the RCOI in Hong Kong indicate that some items may be irrelevant in the Hong Kong context (e.g., physical characteristics), while more items may be needed to reflect good teaching in Hong Kong (e.g., questioning skills). In addition, the potential use of teacher profiles to drive staff development and school improvement is explored.     

我国中小学教师评价方案有效吗——基于霍伊学校结构理论的中美比较研究

教师评价对于促进教师专业发展有重要作用。以霍伊学校结构理论为基础,研究对比中美两套代表性教师评价方案在规则设计和权力结构两大维度的运作效果发现:中国方案更具备阻滞型学校结构的特征,美国方案更倾向于促进型学校结构的特征。我国中小学教师评价方案应实现以下几个转变:评价目的从"加强管理"转向"促进教学",制度安排从"依附嵌套"转向"独立自主",教师与评价者的关系从"对立被动"转向"双边互动",评价结果从用于"量化排名"转向利于教师"专业发展",制度设计从"基于经验"转向"专业科学"。     

中英入职教师教育课程及实践环节之比较与借鉴

分析了英国在入职教育中的经验,探究了我国教师入职教育存在的问题,结合我国《教师教育课程标准（试行）》探讨改革思路。     

Teacher Evaluation in Cyprus: Some Conceptual and Methodological Issues Arising from Teacher and School Effectiveness Research

A critical analysis of policy on teacher evaluation in Cyprus identifies some weaknesses in current practice. It is argued that findings from teacher and school effectiveness studies could be a foundation upon which a more valid teacher evaluation system in Cyprus could be built. It is further argued that limitations in teacher and school effectiveness studies conducted discretely suggest that joint teacher/school effectiveness research should be conducted. Two complementary approaches to improving teacher evaluation in Cyprus are explored. The first is focused on the use of research findings and methodology to improve the existing policy. The second is to complement such an improved system with a school-based self-evaluation approach. Finally, the potential of a self-evaluation approach for locating some power and control over defining effectiveness in the schools and teachers, rather than exclusively in the government is discussed.     

Teacher Evaluation in The Netherlands and its Relationship to Educational Effectiveness Research

In this article, we describe the history, current practice and future of teacher evaluation in The Netherlands. After a short introduction describing the Dutch educational system, we present information about teacher evaluation practices performed by persons outside the school (the Inspectorate) and inside the school (the principal). We then pay attention to the progress of teacher and school effectiveness research in The Netherlands and the relatively weak links between research and evaluation practices in schools. Finally, we outline some potential future developments in the field of teacher evaluation in The Netherlands.     

Death Education in the United Kingdom

Abstract

This paper, which is in three parts, first surveys the development of some forms of informal death education in the United Kingdom since Gorer's (1965) post‐war survey of attitudes to death, grief and mourning. It notes how many of the responses made to the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, are part of such developments. Next it shows how the media in particular, together with exhibitions, courses and reports, continue to contribute to the attainment of four goals originally applied to American Death Education: (1) informing of facts not currently widespread in society, (2) learning to deal with feelings about one's own death and the deaths of significant others, (3) becoming informed consumers of medical and funeral services, and (4) clarifying one's values on social and ethical issues. The paper concludes by outlining some choices and challenges that death and bereavement present using Buber's I‐‐Thou perspective.     

Special Education in the United Kingdom

ALL CHILDREN of school age in the United Kingdom are the responsibility of the Education Authority and must be offered educational provision. About 1.3% of pupils attend special schools; other pupils with special educational needs receive support of various kinds in ordinary schools. The Education Act 1981 is the main legislative instrument concerned with special education: it defined special educational needs, established integration as a key principle guiding service provision and laid down detailed procedures for conducting assessments. Special educational provision is likely to be affected significantly by the general Education Act introduced in 1988 but the precise implications are not yet clear.     

Distance students in the United Kingdom

Over the last hundred years correspondence study for adults has been a substantial ‐‐ if little studied ‐‐ part of the education and training of adults in the UK Private colleges, non‐profit making institutions, professional, trades union and political bodies were experienced in the provision of correspondence courses long before the Open University came on the scene. In 1981, a national survey of mature students included almost a third who were distance students. Alan Woodley, of the Institute of Educational Technology at the Open University, was a member of the survey team.