试论元认知理论与英语教学策略

一、元认知理论及其构成 元认知（metcognition）一词最早出现自美国儿童心理学家J.H.Flavell在一九七六年出版的《认知发展》一书.所谓元认知是＂对思维的思维,是主体对自己的认知过程、结果和与之相关的话动的认识＂.它包括对自我的认知能力和对当前正在发生的认知过程的认知,以及两者相互作用的认知.根据Flavell的观点,元认知由元认知知识、元认知体验和元认知监控三部分组成.[第一段]     

元认知理论与数学元认知能力的培养

元认知是美国心理学家弗拉维力(Flavell)20世纪70年代首先提出的心理学理论。弗拉维力认为：元认知是对认知的认知，即主体对他自己认知的过程和结果以及与此有关的任何事项的认知。其实质是对认知活动和结果的自我意识、自我控制。通常人们把元认知定义为以认识过程与结果为对象的认知，或是任何监控与调节认知过程的活动。     

元认知的理论及模型

元认知是美国心理学家Flavell于20世纪70年代提出的一个认知概念。此后,心理学界、教育学界对元认知非常关注,研究成果非常丰富。元认知的研究不断深入到认知的各个领域,同时,有关元认知的理论及模型的研究也很多,本文旨在对元认知的理论和模型进行总结,为更全面地认识元认知提供方便。     

元认知理论在数学教学中的意义

数学学习过程是元认知对数学认知成分的运作进行监控和调节的过程.元认知理论作为数学认知理论中的重要组成部分,在数学教学中的作用日益明显.对于数学专业的高等师范大学生来说,不仅可以利用元认知理论指导数学学习,同样有助于培养数学教学的能力.     

元认知迁移理论及其对教学的启示

与认知策略知识对应的元认知迁移理论是当代认知心理学对学习迁移理论的新发展，其基本思想在于强调认知策略在学习和问题解决中的重要作用。本文阐述了元认知迁移理论的基本观点及其对教学的启示。     

反思的机制:元认知理论

在上一期中,我们已经提到了每一个人在记得自己的时候,需要进行自我监控。事实上,在自我监控过程中,人的内心有一个重要的活动,就是元认知,它就是人自我监控的核心内在机制。     

英语写作元认知理论研究概述

元认知理论有助于帮助研究者了解作者的写作过程以及他们在写作水平上的个体差异。本文主要概述近年来国内外以元认知理论为基础的英语写作研究成果,并在此基础上总结出其主要贡献及发展趋势。     

元认知理论对教学过程的启示

随着教育学、心理学以及认知理论的不断完善和发展,人们已经注意到了元认知在教学和学习中的重要作用。元认知是由美国儿童心理学家弗赖维尔于20世纪70年代提出的一个术语。元认知是个体对认知活动的自我意识和自我调节。简单地说,元认知是个体对自己或他人的认知的认知以及对自己认知活动的主动调节的过程;明确地说,它是认知主体对自己的心理状态、能力、任务、目标、策略等方面的认识,同时又是认知主体对自身各种认知活动的计划、监控和调节。元认知过程实际上就是指导、调节人们的认知过程,选择有效认知策略的控制执行过程。国内研究者认…     

元认知理论应用于初中数学教学的研究

运用元认知理论,从计划认知、体验认知和监控认知三个角度出发,构建一体化的教学认知体系是一种培养学生认知能力的有效策略.     

元认知理论在留守学生教育中的运用

Flavell提出元认知是认知的认知,即个体对思维活动的自我体验、自我观察、自我监控和自我调节。它包括元认知知识、元认知体验和元认知监控三个部分,元认知知识是有关认知的知识,即关于个人的认知活动以及影响这种认知活动的各种因素的知识;元认知体验是人们在进行认知活动时伴随而生的认知和情感体验;元认知监控是指人们在进行认知活动的过程中,对自身认知活动所进行的积极的、自觉的监视、调节与控制。而元认知能力就是建立在一定的元认知知识     

认知与元认知策略在对外汉语听力教学中的应用

对外汉语听力课是为以汉语作为第二语言学习的学生开设的听力理解训练课。听力理解是一个复杂的心理活动的过程,因此对外汉语听力教学的重点就应该针对在学习过程中容易碰到的障碍,有意识地培养学生的认知与元认知能力,通过对学生进行多种形式的微技能训练,提高其听力理解能力,从而提高对语言实际运用的能力。     

Metacognition and Self-Regulation in James,Piaget, and Vygotsky

This article investigates the intertwined constructs of metacognition and self-regulation as they emerge in the works and theories of James, Piaget, and Vygotsky. To coordinate this exploration, we use an interpretive framework based on the relation of subject and object. In this framework, James’s perspective on metacognition and self-regulation is aligned with the Self, Piaget’s with the other and object, and Vygotsky’s with the medium or agency of language. We explore how metacognition and self-regulation function within the realm of human behavior and development as described in the works of each of these theorists. Key questions or issues that emerge for current research are outlined, and the limitations and benefits of each theorist’s perspective vis-à-vis metacognition and self-regulation are discussed.     

Metacognition in Mathematical Problem Solving

Metacognition is considered by most educationists as an element necessary for many cognitive tasks. In problem solving, it has been said that possessing knowledge alone is insufficient and problem solvers need to exhibit high level cognitive skills like “self-regulation skills” (also known as metacognitive strategies) for successful problem solving.

A study on students' metacognitive strategies was carried out with over a thousand secondary and pre-university students from 12 schools. A questionnaire adapted from Biggs (1987) was administered to students at various levels (Secondary 2, Secondary 4, Pre-University 1), from different academic tracks (General, Science, Arts) and academic streams (Special, Express, and Normal). They were required to self-report on their metacognitive beliefs; their use of metacognitive strategies in mental tasks involving memory, problem solving and comprehension; and their attitudes towards the learning of various academic subjects. 20 items from the questionnaire which were related to problem solving were categorized into four stages, namely, orientation, organisation, execution and verification and data from these items were analysed.

Some findings that emerged were:

• (a) Normal stream students exhibited a lower usage of metacognitive strategies as compared to students from the Express and Special streams.

• (b) Metacognitive strategies used by Normal stream students tended to be of the “surface” type.

• (c) There was no significant difference in the frequency of usage of metacognitive strategies between students from different academic tracks.

• (d) During the problem solving process, students spent most time on evaluation of answers rather than on monitoring their understanding.

• (e) Students from different levels (Secondary 2, Secondary 4 and Pre-University) exhibited similar frequency of usage of metacognitive strategies in problem solving.

• The implications of these findings on future research and development projects as well as the teaching of metacognitive strategies are discussed in the paper.

     

元认知与学生网络自主学习

网络环境为学生的英语自主学习提供了有利条件,然而学生的自主学习能力不高导致学生在网络自主学习中漫无目的、迷茫、缺乏信心等。元认知能使学生进行自我计划、自我监督、自我评价、自我反思、自我管理,恰好能有效解决网络学习中存在的问题。因此,有必要培养学生的元认知意识、进行以任务为基础和以过程为导向认知策略教学和进行电子学习档案管理以丰富学生的元认知体验,从而提高学生的元认知能力,增强学生的网络自主学习能力。     

Focusing the Conceptual Lens on Metacognition, Self-regulation, and Self-regulated Learning

The terms metacognition, self-regulation, and self-regulated learning appear frequently in the educational literature and are sometimes used interchangeably. In order to explore the theoretical and empirical boundaries between these three constructs and the perceptions or misperceptions that their broad and often unqualified application may engender, an analysis of their use within contemporary research was undertaken. A PsychInfo database search was conducted and 255 studies were identified for a comprehensive data table. Analysis of these data revealed trends that suggest nesting of the constructs in definition and keyword explication. However, important differences emerged in the measures of these three constructs and in environmental factors such as prompting. Implications for future research are discussed. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

认知测评发展的现状及趋势述评

本文论述了近20年来有关认知测量与评价的研究新进展。讨论的内容集中在智力测评、元认知测评、标准化记忆测评、内隐认知测评利创造性测评等方面。最后,在前人研究的基础上对认知测评今后的主要研究任务和发展趋势进行了探讨。     

英语写作教学中元认知策略训练的应用

在心理学认知研究的启发下,本文认为,英语写作教学中要贯穿元认知策略训练,在加强写作教学效果的同时,进一步培养学生自主性学习能力。     

基于元认知视角下初中数学前概念的教学策略

初中是提高学生综合能力的关键阶段,能为未来的学习与成长奠定良好的基础。数学学科更是帮助学生建立、提高思维能力的重要学习科目。对于许多初中学生来说,他们虽然已经具备了一定的数学知识基础,但是在思维逻辑能力上仍处于初步培养的阶段。基于此,本文从培养学生元认知能力的角度出发,针对初中数学前概念的学习进行教学策略研究,以求在达到教学目的的同时对学生元认知能力进行培养。     

《孔子诗论》与《黄鸟》考释

《黄鸟》在《诗经》中有两首,分别是《秦风·黄鸟》和《小雅·黄鸟》。《诗经》中同题的作品其反映的情感也往往相同,《孔子诗论》第九简所论之《黄鸟》应是兼指二者而非其中的某一首。     

中国西南地区英语专业新生听力元认知意识研究

基于元认知理论,调查分析了52份中国西南地区高职英语专业新生的听力日记.结果表明:高职英语专业新生具有较丰富的主体知识、任务知识和一定的听力策略意识,但总体上不能很好地对听力练习制定计划、进行监控和评估;在听力过程中,大多被试经历着丰富的情感体验.这对于外语听力教学有着重要启示.