The Practice of Operations Research in Libraries

The application of operations research methods to library-type problems has a long history which predates the formation of the Operations Research Society. Its practice continues today but much of its emphasis has shifted from concern with the specific problems of a librarian or a library manager to the more general problems of designing large information networks and satisfying the information needs of large classes of users through a variety of services. By moving in these directions, the operations researcher is largely following the course of the application of computers to library-type problems, since much of the motivation on the part of the librarians for the practice of operations research is in preparation for or defense against the relentless onslaught of computer-based automation of information activities. In many respects, it seems that these developments have resulted more in a change of the scale of the problems encountered rather than a change in the substance of the problems, since all of the old concerns and admonitions seem to carry just as much weight now as before. In some respects, they are even more pertinent since the potential rewards and potential risks are much greater in today's large scale applications.     

基于概念空间方法的信息检索技术研究

为了解决词汇差异问题,词表构造在信息检索系统中有着重要意义。概念空间方法是利用计算机自动构造概念语义网络(词表)并以此为基础进行概念检索的一种方法。由词语作为语义网络的节点,词语之间的关联权重以一个给定文档集合中词语的共现率来计算,其大小代表它们之间的相似性。检索时系统采用人工智能方法激活与检索入口词相关的术语或概念,为用户提供交互式的检索用语建议。方法的具体步骤包括文档和对象列表收集、对象过滤和自动标引、共现分析和联想检索四个阶段。这种方法多用于英文检索系统,但对我国的信息检索系统也有重要的借鉴意义。     

《中国图书馆分类法》(第5版)中图形图像处理类图书分类研究

《中国图书馆分类法》(简称《中图法》)(第5版)完善了"TP391信息处理"类目的设置,但在图形图像处理类图书的分类上仍存在着一些问题,如"TP391.41图形图像识别"类目已不能准确反映"图形图像处理"的内容。因此,《中图法》(第5版)在修订时应新建"TP391.5计算机图形学与图形图像处理"类目,以涵盖图形图像处理类图书。     

Computers and medical information: an elective for fourth-year medical students

The Computers and Medical Information elective is a collaborative effort to expose students to a variety of computer applications for medical information management. The course has a modular format so that students can work with a variety of people who are enthusiastic users of computer-based information systems. The elective emphasizes learning by doing. Faculty introduce concepts and systems and serve as guides in the use of systems. Students have rated the course positively and, after four years as an elective, some of the course's content has been integrated into the required curriculum.     

大学生文本和图像阅读心智模型研究

[目的/意义]了解文本和图像在阅读心智模型建设中的作用,了解大学生阅读活动中如何处理文本和图像信息,及他们阅读心智模型建设情况,以帮助大学生修改完善阅读心智模型,更好地理解阅读内容,提高其阅读能力,增强图书馆的实用性。[方法/过程]根据阅读信息处理策略提出假设,确定文本图像阅读单位和整合项目,利用眼球追踪方法,调查肇庆学院不同学历不同年级大学生文本和图像阅读情况及其文本图像整合能力和策略使用情况。[结果/结论]文本和图像在阅读心智模型建设中扮演着不同的角色;大学生有较完善的文本阅读心智模型;图像阅读过程中能够形成简单心智模型,完成部分特定任务,但不能解决复杂问题;在使用策略回答较复杂问题时,文本图像整合能力较低,花费在图像上的阅读时间较长;学校比较重视文本阅读能力的培养,对图像阅读能力的培养不足。建议加强图像资源建设(阅读环境)、增强大学生图像相关知识(先知经验)、提高图像阅读和文本图像整合能力(认知能力)。     

基于WWW的图像检索技术

在阐释WWW图像信息检索基本原理的基础上，着重介绍并评价了目前图像检索领域主要的检索技术，并列举了几种较为先进的图像检索demo系统，最后对一些制约基于WWW图像检索技术发展的瓶颈问题进行了简要的探讨。     

The automation of academic and special libraries in Nigeria: the state of the art

The paper examines the state of library automation in academic and special libraries in Nigeria. As a background, an attempt was made to present efforts made by different bodies and institutions in the country to automate their entire library systems. Also disclosed are the reasons why the libraries opted for automated systems, the successes achieved by some of the libraries in automating their systems, and the problems faced by the libraries who succeeded in automating some of their systems as well as those who are still in the process of doing so. Considering the fact that the automation of library systems in Nigeria has spread from academic and special libraries to the public, and there are also a number of companies/institutions engaged in the provision and servicing of computer hardware and software including management information systems, the paper concluded that the future of library automation in the country is bright.     

The automation of academic and special libraries in Nigeria: the state of the art

The paper examines the state of library automation in academic and special libraries in Nigeria. As a background, an attempt was made to present efforts made by different bodies and institutions in the country to automate their entire library systems. Also disclosed are the reasons why the libraries opted for automated systems, the successes achieved by some of the libraries in automating their systems, and the problems faced by the libraries who succeeded in automating some of their systems as well as those who are still in the process of doing so. Considering the fact that the automation of library systems in Nigeria has spread from academic and special libraries to the public, and there are also a number of companies/institutions engaged in the provision and servicing of computer hardware and software including management information systems, the paper concluded that the future of library automation in the country is bright.     

Time-shared computing. Implications for medical libraries

Many library data processing systems are unresponsive to the needs of librarians because of the necessity to batch-process transactions in a computer center. Such systems tend to be reportoriented rather than information-oriented with resultant problems in the timeliness of information. Time-shared computing permits multiple users to process jobs simultaneously through on-line interaction with the computer. Such systems offer to the librarian the advantages of immediate access to information, costs shared with other users, and direct man-machine interaction. This tutorial paper describes time-shared systems with applications in the library. Problems concerning the cost and present state-of-the-art of time-sharing are discussed.     

引文文本分类与实现方法研究综述

[目的/意义] 对引文文本分类的标准、实现方法和应用进行梳理,分析存在的问题,提出可改进的方向。[方法/过程] 总结目前引文文本分类的几个重要角度,如基于引用功能、基于情感倾向、基于引文影响力等,对引文文本分类的实现方法进行比较,分析其优缺点。[结果/结论] 目前引文文本没有统一的分类标准和实现方法,引文文本的获取较为困难,计算机分类算法准确率较低,中文引文文本分析文献少。未来研究思路和方向应该是:统一文本分类的标准,提高引文文本计算机处理技术的准确性,扩大应用范围。     

How experts and novices search the Web

Searching for information pervades a wide spectrum of human activity, including learning and problem solving. With recent changes in the amount of information available and the variety of means of retrieval, there is even more need to understand why some searchers are more successful than others. This study was undertaken to advance the understanding of expertise in seeking information on the Web by identifying strategies and attributes that will increase the chance of a successful search on the Web. The strategies were as follows: evaluation, navigation, affect, metacognition, cognition, and prior knowledge, and attributes included age, sex, years of experience, computer knowledge, and info-seeking knowledge. Success was defined as finding a target topic within 30 minutes. Participants were from three groups. Novices were 10 undergraduate pre-service teachers, intermediates were 9 final-year master of library and information studies students, and experts were 10 highly experienced professional librarians working in a variety of settings. Participants' verbal protocols were transcribed verbatim into a text file and coded. These codes, along with Internet temporary files, a background questionnaire, and a post-task interview were the sources of the data. Since the variable of interest was the time to finding the topic, in addition to ANOVA and Pearson correlation, survival analysis was used to explore the data. The most significant differences in patterns of search between novices and experts were found in the cognitive, metacognitive, and prior knowledge strategies. Survival analysis revealed specific actions associated with success in Web searching: (1) using clear criteria to evaluate sites, (2) not excessively navigating, (3) reflecting on strategies and monitoring progress, (4) having background knowledge about information seeking, and (5) approaching the search with a positive attitude.     

Information Retrieval from Documents: A Survey

Given the phenomenal growth in the variety and quantity of data available to users through electronic media, there is a great demand for efficient and effective ways to organize and search through all this information. Besides speech, our principal means of communication is through visual media, and in particular, through documents. In this paper, we provide an update on Doermann's comprehensive survey (1998) of research results in the broad area of document-based information retrieval. The scope of this survey is also somewhat broader, and there is a greater emphasis on relating document image analysis methods to conventional IR methods.Documents are available in a wide variety of formats. Technical papers are often available as ASCII files of clean, correct, text. Other documents may only be available as hardcopies. These documents have to be scanned and stored as images so that they may be processed by a computer. The textual content of these documents may also be extracted and recognized using OCR methods. Our survey covers the broad spectrum of methods that are required to handle different formats like text and images. The core of the paper focuses on methods that manipulate document images directly, and perform various information processing tasks such as retrieval, categorization, and summarization, without attempting to completely recognize the textual content of the document. We start, however, with a brief overview of traditional IR techniques that operate on clean text. We also discuss research dealing with text that is generated by running OCR on document images. Finally, we also briefly touch on the related problem of content-based image retrieval.     

面向企业创新服务的大数据智能分析机制探讨

大数据智能分析是企业技术创新的新希望,也是科技信息机构在服务转型的压力下所面临的新机遇。应用大数据智能分析,企业可以从海量多样的数据中,深入挖掘并呈现满足创新需求的各种关联信息,获得洞悉,并做出更为准确的创新决策。文章面向企业技术创新服务,讨论大数据智能分析系统的机制,并以大数据类型——结构化和非结构化数据为中心,介绍它们不同的处理技术。由于计算机处理结构化数据的简易性和精准性,文章将数据的结构化处理技术作为主要的议题进行讨论,介绍实用的标准技术DITA。最后,以作者研发项目为例,介绍与大数据分析有关的工作及展望。     

WWW文本信息知识化服务系统的设计与实现

知识经济时代,知识作为一种资源在企业中显得越来越重要。知识是信息的一部分,信息经过加工可以转化为知识。信息需求和知识需求实际上是统一的、一致的,都是解决实际问题而产生的需。目前,因特网已经成为当今世界上最大的信息资源库,也是最主要的信息传播渠道。搜索引擎(Search Engines)的出现,尽管在一定程度上增强了人们定位信息的能力,但它的搜索结果却很难让人满意。本系统综合应用计算机网络技术、计算软件开发技术、现代汉语处理等技术,实现对科技类WWW文本信息的有效管理和信息高效应用。即能对采集来的WWW文本信息进行知识化处理并进而实现个性化知识服务的系统,以实规将提升信息为知识,并使之为信息用户所使用,依此改善信息使用现状。     

Application of systems analysis to depository library decision making regarding the use of new technology

This article, the first in a series of four, views the application of systems anal ysis and design as a method of problem solving for documents librarians. Par ticular emphasis is placed on the use of systems analysis as a major, first step in applying computer based technology to problem areas common to U.S. government publication collections. The specific problem areas amenable to the application of this methodology include (1) bibliographic control, (2) col lection development, (3) collection integration, and (4) improved documents reference service. The steps required for its application to these problem areas are described in sequential fashion, and are augumented by actual examples. Several sources of supplementary information are noted for further references.     

基于藏文编码(基本集)国家暨国际标准的藏文输入法研究

藏文输入法是藏文信息处理领域的基础性研究课题，也是藏文信息化建设的一个瓶颈。文章论述了针对现有藏文输入法存在的问题，旨在突破由“文字”信息处理向。语言。信息处理过渡的难题，研究并开发一种基于藏文编码（基本集）国家暨国际标准和Unicode国际编码标准，以及OpenType字体技术，可在Windows Vista和Windows XP下，支持Internet上的藏文信息交换，用于文字信息处理和语言信息处理的藏文输入法的相关问题。     

国内电子商务网站推荐系统信息服务质量比较研究——以淘宝、京东、亚马逊为例

[目的/意义]推荐系统已经成为电子商务网站的重要组成部分之一,为用户提供多种形式的信息推荐服务。国内以淘宝、京东和亚马逊为代表的电子商务网站的推荐系统采用不同的技术架构和多种热点推荐技术,并且越来越重视信息服务的质量。对推荐系统服务质量进行比较研究,能够进一步推动电子商务推荐系统的发展。[方法/过程]首先,从准确性、时效性、新颖性三个技术指标对比以上推荐系统的技术架构对于推荐服务质量的影响;其次,以用户体验作为信息服务质量评价的基础,对182名受访者进行热点技术的认可度调查,研究热点技术对推荐服务质量的影响;最后,对功能模块的用户体验情况进行调查和比较分析。[结果/结论]在这些研究、调查和分析的基础上,给出电子商务推荐系统使用的技术架构和热点技术,以及改进功能模块设计的对策,以进一步提升推荐系统的信息服务质量。     

论信息传播中的问题与管理策略

论述信息交流、信息传递和信息传播的不同涵义与意义,指出信息交流与传递过程中存在的几个主要问题,并探讨解决这些问题的策略。     

Collaborative knowledge construction in digital environments: Politics, policy, and communities

How individuals share information with respect to politics and policy in networked research environments is an area ripe for interdisciplinary study. In this analysis, I explore some of the more current and salient research findings from several disciplinary literatures (communications, computer science, organizational behavior, information science, and public policy) to examine how current research perceives the influence of technology-aided communications on policy-making conversations. I suggest that a community-centric view, which takes into account online and offline group affiliations and their related power dynamics, is just as important as an individual-based unit of analysis. This understanding points to directions for the thoughtful creation of digital resources that appropriately reflect and support inter- and intra-group knowledge-sharing behavior.