Blocking of the sexual conditioning of differentially effective conditioned stimulus objects

The blocking phenomenon was investigated in the sexual response system of male Japanese quail. Access to a live female quail served as the unconditioned stimulus (US). The same audiovisual cue served as the pretrained stimulus in all of the experiments. Following asymptotic conditioning of the audiovisual cue, a second conditioned stimulus (CS2) was added. In Experiment 1, CS2 was a rectangular wood block that had little or no resemblance to a female quail and could not support copulatory behavior. In Experiment 2, CS2 was a terrycloth object that had no quail parts but could support copulatory behavior, and, in Experiment 3, CS2 was a terrycloth object that had a taxidermically prepared head of a female quail added. The terrycloth-only object supported more rapid conditioning than did the wood block, but the blocking effect was obtained with both kinds of stimuli. Approach responding to the terrycloth + head object required pairing it with copulatory opportunity, and the terrycloth + head object supported at least as rapid conditioning as did the terrycloth-only object. However, responding to the terrycloth + head object was not blocked by the pretrained audiovisual cue. These results indicate that the blocking effect occurs in sexual conditioning even with stimulus objects that can support copulation. However, the addition of species-typical head cues to an object makes that object such a powerful stimulus that conditioned approach responding to it cannot be blocked by a previously conditioned arbitrary audiovisual cue.     

对象介词短语的内涵特征与变体类别

要研究对象介词短语及其蕴涵句的生成与成分间的制约关系等问题,就必须首先对对象介词短语的内涵特征及其变体类别作出中肯的分析与界定。就对象介词短语的内涵特征而言,它是具有"传移"或"情态"谓核成分的语义指向、但并不能使其发生变化的语义成分;就其变体类别讲,它有"给予对象"、"索取对象"、"对待对象"、"朝向对象"、"谓宾对象"、"比较对象"六种之别。     

思想政治教育的主体与不同年龄段客体之间的合力机制研究

思想政治教育活动的是需要思想政治教育主客体的积极合作才能成功实现的,是二者“合力”作用的结果,物理学上讲同方向两个分力叠加,合力效果最大,如果把思想政治教育的主客体比喻成两个“分力”那么二者之间的关系就可以看做两个“分力”之间的“角度”。本文以思想政治教育主体为切入点以年龄为基准将思想政治教育的客体分为：老、中、青,三代,其思想各有特点,思想政治教育的方式方法也因客体的年龄差异而有所不同。本文旨在表明如何把握不同年龄阶段的思想政治教育客体与主体之间的关系,确定其最适宜的“角度”,以使思想政治教育工作达到最优的效果。     

太原方言动词后时量成分与宾语的位置关系及结构情状

以动词、时量词、名词性成分的类型作为条件,可以看出太原话的时量词与宾语的位置关系受到充当宾语的名词性成分的显著影响,动词的性质主要影响事件的情状表现。宾语是代词、无生名词、无指的有生名词时,位置关系大体是单一的,宾语是有指的有生名词时,常表现出两可的位置关系,表达中使用倾向受到宾语指称性、长度等因素的影响。     

利用影响力受贿罪客体的界定

犯罪客体是犯罪构成的基本要件之一,准确界定利用影响力受贿罪的客体是研究利用影响力受贿罪的首要问题。关于利用影响力受贿罪的客体,很多学者主张其与受贿罪的客体一致,应当界定为"国家工作人员职务行为的廉洁性(或正当性)",但利用影响力受贿罪的本质不同于受贿罪,将利用影响力受贿罪的客体界定为"国家机关、国有公司、企业、事业单位、人民团体正常的工作秩序"比较合适。     

法律关系客体新论

按照传统的观点,法律关系客体是主体的权利义务所指向的对象,是法律关系的构成要素之一。用这一理论来解释法律现象时,却遇到了问题,往往得出不同的结果。在对法律关系客体的具体范围的理解上,也存在着不同的看法。这些都需要进一步探讨。法律关系客体应当是法律设定的体现主体权利义务内容的客观事物。法律关系客体的范围随着社会的发展而变化,与主体在一定条件下可以相互转化,法律关系客体不同于法律上的标的,人身可以成为法在系的客体,行为不是法律关系的客体。     

VC1OLC2结构形式的理论解释简

根据以往的研究,当VC1OC2中宾语性质不同时,C1表现为不同的变体。VC1OC2结构是VC1OC2结构的一个子类,即当宾语为处所宾语时,C1表现为介词性变体,并且只能出现在VC1OC2这一句法格式中。文章通过对VC1OLC2结构中处所宾语及核心动词性质的考察,发现处所宾语对其进入的句法格式具有选择性,并且这种选择是双向的。     

《论语》单音节形容词研究

从量的角度对《论语》中的单音节形容词的句法功能进行研究,通过与现代汉语形容词的特征比较,结果发现单音节形容词作谓语(不带宾语),单音节形容词作宾语,单音节形容词带宾语以及单音节形容词作定语是《论语》单音节形容词的重要特征。     

汉语等同双宾句与等同范畴

等同双宾句是一种独立的双宾类型,在句法行为上跟动补结构以及与格结构非常相似,都是毗邻于动词的宾语"被动化"以及被"把"提前,动词后的符号串可以经受并列测试。移位测试表明等同双宾句的近宾语是复杂动词(动词+远宾语)的宾语,并列测试则表明近宾语与远宾语是个结构体。等同双宾句及其相应的含"作、为、是"的句式都含有等同范畴,差异在于等同范畴有无语音实现。等同范畴实现与否以及实现作什么会对句法行为有影响。     

旋转和语义一致性对物体和背景识别的影响

在自然环境中,背景往往对识别环境中的物体起着非常重要的作用。已有研究表明物体与背景的语义一致性会影响对物体和背景的知觉。研究引入物理性质的一致性（旋转角度）这一变量,采用二因素的混合实验设计和直接命名法考察物理性质的一致性和语义一致性对物体和背景知觉的影响。结果发现,语义一致性主效应显著,在物体与背景语义一致性条件下对其进行识别的正确率高于语义不一致性条件下的识别正确率;物理性质一致性主效应也显著,物理性质一致条件下对物体和背景识别的正确率显著高于不一致性条件下的,而且,识别的正确率随着旋转角度的增大而降低;二者之间的交互作用不显著,这意味着物理性质一致性与语义一致性是独立影响真实场景中物体识别和背景识别过程的。     

基本层次范畴视角下的同源宾语结构

同源宾语结构作为英语中一种常见的语言现象有其特殊性和复杂性。从基本层次范畴角度分析同源宾语结构,结果显示：形成同源宾语结构的动词所描述的行为是属于基本层次范畴的行为动作,动词与其同源宾语所表达的事件构成基本层次范畴的事件。解析同源宾语结构中动词的认知特点及其与名词短语的认知关系,可以为更好地解读同源宾语结构这一语言现象提供一种新的途径。     

基于嵌入式系统移动物联网系统研究与实现

基于RFID技术的移动物联网应用已比较广泛,RFID技术最大缺陷是信息的单向传输。解决移动物体的信息双向传输,实现具有普遍意义的移动物联网需要解决三个层面的问题-感知层、网络层和应用层。选择嵌入式系统作为控制单元,通过在移动物体上控制单元建立WIFI热点解决网络层问题,应用层则通过将移动物体控制单元设置为wleb服务器实现。     

元朝“布衣法学家”赵天麟的法律思想探析

元朝统一中国以后。草原民族的文化惯性势必严重冲击建立在小农经济基础之上的中国正统文化和思想。赵天麟以一介布衣向皇帝上了六十二篇奏折，要求统治者尽快适应几千年来形成的封建正统思想。恢复社会秩序；重视法律制度和法律文化的建设，反对法律中的民族不平等现象，重视法律的宣传工作。反对肆意大赦，反对对官僚士大夫滥施刑罚的法令；主张国家要用法令的形式规范农业和桑蚕业，提出颁布法令限制土地兼并。表现出强烈的抑强恤民的法律思想。     

Availability and spontaneous use of verbal labels in sorting categorization by 16–23-month olds

This study investigated the role of word knowledge and spontaneous labeling of familiar objects in free sorting object categorization by 16–23-month-old children. General vocabulary was related to categorization on particular tasks involving both familiar and unfamiliar objects. Object labeling was associated with categorization when familiar objects of a given kind were identical. Spontaneous object labeling was also the only predictor of non-familiar object categorization, beyond the effects of age and vocabulary. The pattern of results suggests that spontaneous object labeling during free sorting is a reflection of the child's heightened involvement in the challenge of category discovery, thus perhaps facilitating object categorization. The findings reinforce the importance of teachers engaging toddlers in interactive object naming and world learning, as well as encouraging self-narration.     

时代变迁与物权客体的重新界定

从罗马法到近代私法的物权客体范围的演进,确立的是以"有体物"为标准的物权客体的范围,有体物之外的"物"或被严格排除在物权客体之外而以特例规定设定物权,或以拟制手段纳入物权客体范围。在现代物权法上界定物权客体,不仅需要把握物的自然属性,更重要的是能够使价值化、观念化和虚拟化的新类型的"财产"能够进入物权客体的内涵之中。以"财产"概念代替"物"的概念来指称物权客体,以使物权客体具有更强的时代包容性,这实际上是对《物权法》第二条规定的理论概括,即把第二条所称的"物"和法律特别规定的能够成为物权客体的"权利"用一个统一的概念予以界定。     

Infant perception of object unity from translatory motion in depth and vertical translation

Previous research indicated that 4-month-old infants perceive the unity of a center-occluded object when its visible ends share a common lateral translation in space. The present work investigated the class of motion relationships that can specify object unity to infants, specifically, asking whether it includes all rigid translations. 3 experiments tested the informativeness of 2 axes of translation not previously studied: translation in depth and vertical translation. These motions also allowed assessment of certain interpretations of previous results that invoke specific sensory consequences of lateral movement, rather than perceived motion, as underlying perceived unity. Experiment 1 provided evidence that a small extent of translation in depth specified the unity of an object, but only to the subgroup of infants who detected the motion. Experiment 2 used a greater displacement in depth and found clear evidence for perception of object unity. Experiment 3 indicated that vertical translation, in which the 2 visible areas of the partly hidden object undergo dissimilar changes, also specifies object unity to infants. These results suggest that infants' perception of object unity depends on perceived coherence of motion, no matter how specified, and that the class of informative motions includes all rigid translations.     

Anticipatory Reaching by Infants and Adults: The Effect of Object Features and Apertures in Opaque and Transparent Screens

Perception of the manner in which objects may be grasped was examined in a series of experiments with adults and 10-month-old infants; visuomotor adjustment in hand orientation before making contact with objects served as the index throughout. In the first experiment, infants modified their hand orientation to match more closely the long axis of an object. They did so even though the target object could have been grasped by either end with hands oriented orthogonally to the long axis of the object. In two subsequent experiments involving reaching through narrow apertures to grasp the target, anticipatory adjustments in hand posture were evident for adults but not for infants. However, anticipatory adjustments by infants, sometimes appropriate and sometimes inappropriate, were made when the object was of such a size that it could neither be grasped nor retrieved through the aperture. In the final experiment, infants directed their hands first toward a handle, the only graspable part of an object, and oriented their hands so as to be nearly parallel with it prior to contact. This was the only orientation in which a grasp was possible. It was concluded that infants at 10 months respond more appropriately to object properties than to surface apertures that place limitations on how an object may be grasped.     

马克思哲学的实践理性视角概说

马克思哲学与以往哲学的种种区别,从根本上说,源于他的独特的实践理性视角。人类在改造对象世界的同时也改造着自身,改造着对对象世界和对人类自身的认识。实践使人类和人类的对象世界作为总体而存在。对于总体的把握只有通过为实践所规定的理性视角,通过联系的观点和发展的观点才能实现。     

精神客体是一种主观存在——哲学教学中的一点思考

传统的观点认为,客体必须是一种客观存在。但笔者认为,客体并非一定是客观存在,主观存在也可以成为客体。如果把客体界定为一种客观存在,那么精种客体是什么?也是客观存在吗?如果说精神客体的客观性在于它具有不依赖认识主体的意志为转移的属性的话,那就是用客体的对象性去说明了精神客体的客观性。但是,精神客体的客观性并不来自其对象性,而是来自其对物质客体的依赖性上,如果没有物质客体作载体和承担者,就不会有精神客体的存在。精神客体的本质属性是主观性。     

“把”字句的生成方式研究综述

"把"字句是现代汉语中的一种常见句式。关于"把"字句的生成方式,学界大致有提宾说、原位宾语说、提主说、原位主语说等四类观点,这些观点各有长处和不足。倘若从历史的眼光考察"把"字句的生成方式,我们认为原位宾语说的提法更符合"把"从持拿义动词向处置标记虚化的演变过程,而且出于语言经济性原则的考虑,"动不如不动",如果不是非移位不可的话,尽量不用移位来解决问题。