知识场论与知识流动 ——兼论科学引文机理分析

[目的/意义]根据场论的基本概念和原理对科学引文中知识流动的机理进行分析。[方法/过程]通过物理场中的梯度、散度和旋度3个重要特征参量与知识的势能梯度、扩散和吸收3个性质进行对照比较,论证了知识场的存在。[结果/结论]任何学科之间或学科内部两个节点之间都存在知识势差,并形成知识场力。在知识场力的作用下,科学知识从高势能向低势能流动。科学引文中的知识流动,主要表现为默会知识流动、群体知识流动和个体知识流动。知识流动形成不同学科之间知识的相互交叉渗透,促使学科分化,产生新的交叉学科。知识场的存在是不争的事实。科学引文过程就是知识流动的过程,知识势差是知识流动的根本动因。     

Scientific knowledge dynamics and relatedness in biotech cities

This paper investigates the impact of scientific relatedness on knowledge dynamics in biotech at the city level during the period 1989–2008. We assess the extent to which the emergence of new research topics and the disappearance of existing topics in cities are dependent on their degree of scientific relatedness with existing topics in those cities. We make use of the rise and fall of title words in scientific publications in biotech to identify major cognitive developments within the field. We determined the degree of relatedness between 1028 scientific topics in biotech by means of co-occurrence of pairs of topics in journal articles. We combined this relatedness indicator between topics in biotech with the scientific portfolio of cities (i.e. the topics on which they published previously) to determine how cognitively close a potentially new topic (or an existing topic) is to the scientific portfolio of a city. We analyzed knowledge dynamics at the city level by looking at the entry and exit of topics in the scientific portfolio of 276 cities in the world. We found strong and robust evidence that new scientific topics in biotech tend to emerge systematically in cities where scientifically related topics already exist, while existing scientific topics had a higher probability to disappear from a city when these were weakly related to the scientific portfolio of the city.     

我国智慧施工实现的核心路径研究——基于知识生产与技术创新协同的视角

从知识生产与技术创新对智慧施工实现的作用出发,深入挖掘智慧施工实现的科学逻辑;同时,基于所构建的科学逻辑体系,理清知识生产与技术创新因素内部的因果关系,并确定智慧施工实现的核心路径,构建了相应的系统动力学模型。最终,以1990—2016年间我国的工程科技知识文献和专利数据为样本,借助Vensim系统动力学平台分析了科学系统中知识生产和技术创新因素对智慧施工实现可能产生的不同影响。研究立足于智慧施工实现所需的知识生产与技术创新体系,探明智慧施工实现的科学逻辑,并揭示国家推进智慧施工所需努力的方向。     

Entry, exit and knowledge: evidence from a cluster in the info-communications industry

The process by which knowledge is created, accumulated and eventually destroyed appears crucial to many industrial dynamics patterns, since it shapes the profile of evolution of industries by favouring the entry of new companies, the co-existence of incumbents and new entrants and, eventually, their selective or joint exit over time. Though problematic, and all too often neglected, the connection between two nodes of interest, Industrial Dynamics on the one hand, and Knowledge Dynamics on the other hand, thus appears as a promising field of research. On the basis of a case study in the info-communications industry, we start by emphasizing that this field of research has direct importance at the empirical level. Knowledge dynamics can create specific models of evolution among firms at the local level, such as non-shakeout patterns within the cluster, which significantly differ from more global patterns of evolution in the info-communications industry, now generally oriented towards trends of decline and bust. We further argue in favour of the development of Knowledge-Based Industrial Dynamics, an approach that lies at the interface of industry and knowledge dynamics, and which can explain how a cluster may decrease the barriers to knowledge of clustered companies and, further, create a specific knowledge dynamics that is able to shape the industrial dynamics. Finally, we document how this process of knowledge dynamics was collectively implemented in our case study on the info-communications cluster and decompose the mechanisms that led to a local non-shakeout pattern of industrial dynamics. We conclude with some remarks on the policy implications.     

Understanding the emergence and deployment of “nano” S&T

As an introduction to the special issue on “emerging nanotechnologies”, this paper puts in perspective contemporary debates and challenges about nanotechnology. It presents an overview of diverse analyses and expectations about this presumably revolutionary set of technological, scientific and industrial developments. Three main lines of argument can then be delineated: first of all, the degree of cumulativeness of science and technologies and the respective roles of newcomers and incumbents in the industrial dynamics; second the knowledge dynamics in nanotechnologies, especially the linkages by science and technology and third the role of institutions (network, geographic agglomeration and job market). It finally discusses methodologies to delineate the field of nanotechnologies and to collect data.     

科技成果转化的理性思考

摘要：知识经济时代凸显了知识和经济的相关性，也导致了知识生产和使用间的矛盾。推动科技成果转化，是走出知识悖论、加快技术转移的有效路径。然而科技成果转化并非径情直遂，国外经验研究表明，若要真正取得科技成果转化的成效，其先决条件却是保持知识的自由流动、提高大学和科学技术研究的内在品质。     

Internet Research and the Sociology of Cyber-Social-Scientific Knowledge

Perspectives from the sociology of scientific knowledge are deployed to explore the birth of Internet research, focusing in particular on the development of methodological approaches. For a researcher based in the sociology of scientific knowledge, being an Internet researcher has been a vivid opportunity to experience at firsthand a phenomenon usually studied from the outside. The article begins by assessing some models of the process of scientific change. Characterizing Internet research as new has been a potent resource for enrolling researchers into the field and positioning research responses. The development of virtual methods for doing social research illustrates the process of methodological innovation in social science and the negotiation of methodological adequacy. Methodological discussions have been enlivened by the advent of the Internet as an object of study. Internet research has arguably been a valuable reflexive opportunity for the traditional disciplines that have fed its development.     

黑龙江省产业结构仿真模型

利用系统动力学的知识,结合产业结构理论,构建产业结构仿真模型,探究各经济要素之间的联系。从黑龙江省产业结构的实际出发,设计政策仿真方案,对产业结构调整优化进行定量动态分析与模拟,实现政策实验室的功能,提高产业政策制订与实施的科学性,为产业结构优化决策提供支持。     

院所文化的实践与创新

院所文化是一种新的历史现象,是科研院所在进行知识创新、科技创新与应用的全部实践及结果中,努力贯彻并实际体现以人为本的群体竞争与协作意识。研究和认识新时期院所文化的实践与创新,对于准确把握先进文化的前进方向,深化科技体制改革,构建有利于创新的文化环境,应对日趋激烈的国际间科技与人才竞争,增强科技创新能力,实施科教兴国战略具有十分重要的意义。     

科研合作网络特征与团队知识创造关系研究

知识是21世纪最重要的资源,如何创造新知识成为一个关键问题,受到普遍关注。本文从社会网络结构特征的视角出发,对科研合作网络与知识创造绩效的关系展开了分析。为了验证我们的假设,本文选取了管理学领域的24个科研合作团队,收集了他们在6年时间发表的1494篇论文,并通过识别888个作者的合作关系建立合作网络模型。数据结果表明,合作网络的结构特征对团队知识创造绩效产生不同的影响:(1)合作网的派系数量与知识创造绩效呈正相关关系;(2)最大子图比例以及合作网络密度与其呈负相关关系;(3)中心性则与其无关。最后,本文从合作结构的角度提出了提高科研团队绩效的思路。     

科研创新网络中知识扩散演化机制研究

从社会资本视角来看,创新网络中知识扩散的实质是一种社会交换,网络中的知识扩散受社会关系网络中个体位势的影响。研究从微观视角切入,探讨科研网络中的知识主体对其知识扩散的动态影响机制。选取度中心度、Bonacich Power中心度、效率结构洞、中介中心度四种SNA算法,从知识的多样性、传递路径的非确定性和平行复制三个属性对比各SNA算法所暗含的知识扩散特征,对科研网络中知识扩散机制提出假设,选取国内知识管理领域发表于1998-2011年的CSSCI数据,利用Cox比例风险模型构建生存分析模型,研究各SNA算法对该领域知识扩散演化机制的解释程度。研究发现占据"结构洞"位置和度数中心度高的权威个体在知识管理领域知识扩散中发挥最为重要的作用;该领域主要通过团队成员间的平行复制和不同团队间的知识多样化融合来实现知识的扩散与创新。     

产学研合作中高校知识转移的超循环模型及作用研究

高校知识转移是一种典型的从科学场域向经济场域转移的跨场域知识转移,处于产学研合作中高校的知识转移模式将直接影响合作企业核心竞争力的提高.运用复杂系统中超循环理论分析产学研合作系统的超循环特征,探讨了高校知识转移的模型,提出产学研合作中政府、高校、科研机构、企业和中介服务机构之间构成网络结构的超循环系统,促进产学研合作整体经济实力的提升.     

The use of material transfer agreements in academia: A threat to open science or a cooperation tool?

The transfer of scientific material and data, which are scientific inputs, is fundamental to knowledge creation dynamics. This transfer is being controlled, more and more, by the use of Material Transfer Agreements (MTAs). Therefore, the effect of MTAs on the dynamic of knowledge creation is an important concern. The aim of this research is to characterise the restrictions imposed by MTAs, and their determinants. We consider MTA diversity based on a comprehensive analysis of the clauses included in 171 MTAs signed by two French universities. We show that the clauses included in MTAs depend on several factors such as kind of material involved, research field, patenting and collection of material. We find that the presence of an industry actor is not associated to more restrictions on publication and intellectual property. We propose a typology of MTAs corresponding to different transfer situations. We discuss the role of MTAs as collaborative tools and the influence of the legal, scientific, political and organisational context.     

从实验室研究透视SSK与科学哲学的差异

“实验室研究”是科学知识社会学兴起的研究热点。在这之前,科学哲学从其方法论规则出发,将研究视角锁定于实验,而非实验室。实验室只是自然呈现的场所,为实验提供恰当的场地。作为赋予科学一种完全不同的解释,科学知识社会学将最初的研究视角转向了对科学实验室的探求。他们认为实验室的意义已经不是自然呈现的场所,乃是人们理解科学的一个理论概念,实验室自身已经演变为科学发展的一种重要力量,成为能够解释科学成功机制与过程的场所。于是在科学知识社会学与科学哲学之间就实验室的问题展开了争论,表现为：实验室是被强化的场所,还是自然呈现的场地;实验室是知识生产的领域,还是科学研究的制度环境;实验室是制造了事实,还是发现了事实。由此,二者的差异也得到充分体现。     

在线社区的知识增殖:用户行为与用户信任的互惠关系研究

[目的/意义] 知识增殖已成为判别在线知识社区成功与否的具体标准。将Web2.0技术所支持的用户行为视作知识增殖的载体,将社区规则、规范所鼓励的人际信任视作知识增殖的条件,考察用户行为与用户信任的互惠因果关系,探索在线社区知识增殖规律。[方法/过程] 采用问卷调查法获取332份有效样本,运用AMOS20.0软件检验模型假设。[结果/结论] 用户行为的发展过程为"知识搜寻行为—知识应用行为—知识贡献行为";用户间信任的发展过程为"认知信任—情感信任",用户行为和用户信任互为因果、二者相互促进实现在线社区知识增殖。     

基于知识基因表达的科技创新路径构建研究

[目的/意义]随着信息的爆炸性增长,科研人员摄取信息的途径越来越多,但对知识的控制能力越来越弱。因此,不论信息如何变化,科研人员需要抓住知识基因的进化过程(科技创新路径)寻找有价值知识,极大提高知识利用效率。[方法/过程]在前期充分辨析科技文献知识基因的基础上,根据科技文献知识基因的特征将科技文献知识基因分为通用知识基因与特定知识基因两种类型。提出利用知识基因表征科技创新路径的节点,根据知识流动的特点,将科技创新路径划分为基于知识基因扩散与知识基因流动的科技创新路径。通过计算知识基因之间遗传或变异的关系,嫁接引用路径构建出知识基因表达的科技创新路径,并通过知识基因间的连线实现可视化表达。[结果/结论]通过阿尔茨海默病领域实验证明,基于知识基因表达的科技创新路径能够从科技文献核心知识价值传承与发展的角度直观地展示出科技创新发展与演化过程。     

小众化科技知识传播突破沉默螺旋之探——以有孔虫知识传播为例

以有孔虫知识为代表的小众化科技知识受制于传播资源,传播规模较小.科技知识虽有大众小众之别,但均应享有传播之利,否则便会阻碍科技创新,因此小众化科技知识的传播不容忽视.当下,有孔虫等小众化科技知识受困于沉默螺旋之窘境,但是,相比于混乱无序的大众化科技信息,它却拥有低熵属性,因而具备大众传播难以企及的优势.新媒介的崛起为有孔虫小众化知识提供分众传播的新思路,该模式兼具适用性和可行性,并可引发圈层效应,增强受众的归属感和对小众化知识的责任感.小众化科技领域达到传播潜力后或可实现长尾盛景.     

Innovation: Exploring the knowledge base

New types of knowledge, and new ways of organising the production of it, may emerge as knowledge producers respond to the challenges posed by a changing society. This paper focuses on the core knowledge of one such emerging field, namely, innovation studies. To explore the knowledge base of the field, a database of references in scholarly surveys of various aspects of innovation, published in “handbooks”, is assembled and a new methodology for analysing the knowledge base of a field with the help of such data is developed. The paper identifies the core contributions to the literature in this area, the most central scholars and important research environments, and analyses - with the help of citations in scholarly journals - how the core literature is used by researchers in different scientific disciplines and cross-disciplinary fields. Based on this information a cluster analysis is used to draw inferences about the structure of the knowledge base on innovation. Finally, the changing character of the field over time is analysed, and possible challenges for its continuing development are discussed.     

复杂重大科技工程隐性知识传承模型研究

针对如何实现复杂重大科技工程中隐性知识的有效传承这一问题,本文融合知识管理和系统动力学理论,构建复杂重大科技工程隐性知识传承微分动力学模型,揭示工程中隐性知识传承的规律;在此基础上,定量分析主要参数控制对实现隐性知识高效传承的影响效果;最后,基于管理学视角,提出通过构建交流合作平台、建立创新激励机制和培养知识创新意识实现复杂重大科技工程隐性知识的高效传承。     

新一代机构知识库中研究数据的关联组织研究

本文针对新一代机构知识库中研究数据关联组织作为研究对象,创新性设计研究数据关联组织方案和策略,规范机构知识资源在重组中的有效运用,促进数据资源发展,实现科学获取数据、全面关联组织数据。并重点对机构知识库中研究数据几方面进行了分析。①新一代高校机构知识库的内涵及创新系统视角下的特色扩展;②新一代高校机构知识资源关键数据的组织对象——研究数据关系研究;③机构知识资源的研究数据采集及关联管理;④传统机构知识库的升级、对象扩展及数据利用关系;⑤构建一个基于创新环境的高校机构知识资源数据开放系统。提升了图书馆知识管理策略和使用效果。