“行”与“学文”

《论语·学而》：“弟子．入则孝，出则悌，谨而信．泛爱众，而亲仁。行有余力，则以学文。”在后世大多数学者看来，这句话反映了孔子注重“德行”，认为“行”比“学”更重要，“行”在“学”先。但《论语·述而》云：“子以四教．文、行、忠、信。”此处把“文”排在了“行”的前面．与《学而》篇顺序显然矛盾。     

“为己”和“慎独”──道德修养的境界与方法

“为己”和“慎独”──道德修养的境界与方法钱逊＂古之学者为己，今之学者为人。＂《论语·里仁》＂知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。＂《论语·雍也》＂仁者安仁，知者利仁。＂《论语·里仁》中国古代有一个很好的传统，就是提倡＂为己之学＂。孔子说：＂古之学者...     

“无可无不可”与人生智慧

“无可无不可”是孔子的话。在《论语·微子》中，孔子在论及历史名人伯夷、叔齐、虞仲、夷逸、朱张、柳下惠、少连时强调自己并非拘泥他们的严格做法，奉行“无可无不可”的原则。表面上看来，孔子的态度与时人不同，实则体现了人生的大智慧，值得我们好好学习。     

老子与孔子“无为”思想比较

“无为”思想在先秦时期的道、儒、法家的思想体系中都有表达,但意义不尽相同。如老子讲“无为而无不为”,孔子讲“其身正,不令而行”。由于孔子曾经向老子问礼,所以二人所处的时代背景大致相同。他们分别是道家、儒家学术规范化的开创者,道、儒思想被后世认为一个是出世,一个是入世,那么他们的“无为”思想又有何差异?老子和孔子的思想体系都非常庞大,尽管《老子》只有五千言,《论语》也不过数万字,但它们却是中国以后的思想源头,并涉及到社会生活的各个方面。为了突出重点,我把他们的“无为”思想定位在政治和人生领域中来比较。一、政治…     

《论语》“仁”学思想多元解释的反思

“何谓孔子思想的核心”,这是孔子研究中的重大课题。学界对此的说法有不少,如：“礼”说,“仁”说,“仁礼”说等,其中以“仁”说的影响较大。而将“仁”学思想认定为孔子思想的核心的学者,其解释也是百家腾跃、新说迭起,令人眼花缭乱。     

“仁”与中国人的素质特征

“仁”与中国人的素质特征刘孟学＂仁＂作为中国儒家学派道德规范的最高原则，是孔子思想体系的理论核心。从字面上看，＂仁＂是一个人与一个＂二＂字的组合，体现着＂二人＂的对应关系，反映着人的外在规定。所以，从＂仁＂的最初含义讲，就是指人与人的一种亲善关系。孔...     

论“礼失而求诸野”——儒学不能离开时代

儒家、儒学、儒教、孔学，在英、德、法，都分别译为“Confucinism，konfuzianismus．Confucianisme”，意即孔夫子主义。即以孔子为儒家始祖。但孔子留下作很少，“述而不作”，后人多半依其片言支语，再根据自己的观点、立场，作出种种解释，所以孔子与儒家未必相等，民间儒家与官场儒家未必相等。     

古老的文明架设心灵的桥梁——访希腊驻华大使

二千多年前，当中国的大思想家孔子告诉他的弟子说：“志士仁人，无求生以害仁，有杀身以成仁”时，他无法想象几十年后，远在欧洲的另一位古希腊大思想家苏格拉底身体力行地实践了他的这一预言，为坚持真理饮鸩身亡。也许，更出乎两位伟大哲学家意料的是，二千多年之后，来自中国和希腊的学们竟会聚集在一起，     

天文学研究与“夏商周断代工程”

天文学研究与“夏商周断代工程”席泽宗《三字经》说：“夏传子，家天下。”《周易》革卦《象》曰：“汤武革命，顺乎天而应乎人。”可是夏朝从哪一年开始？成汤代桀，武王伐纣，又都发生在哪一年？孔子说不清楚，司马迁著《史记》时也只得存疑。西汉末年的刘歆（卒于公元...     

孔子《论语》中“学”的内涵

“学”从字源上来讲，见于甲骨文。甲骨文专家认为“学”字，“当从爻取义兼声”（徐中舒《甲骨文辞典》），是个会意字，篆文作“斆”字。许慎《说文》：“斆，觉悟也。从教，冖。冖，尚矇也，臼声。学，篆文斆省。”段玉裁《注》，认为“学”与“教”在古人乃是一事之两面，常相混用，既然“学”本身已经包涵有自觉与觉人，即学习与教人的双边活动，     

Kaiping Diaolou and VillagesA Fusion of Chinese and Western Structural and Decorative Forms简

On June 28, 2007, approved by the 31st World Heritage Committee held inChristchurch, New Zealand, Kaiping Diaolou and villages were inscribed in the World Heritage List and became the 35th world heritage in China. They were also the first Chinese world heritage that reflects the culture of overseas Chinese. In fact, as early as June 25, 2001,     

Latins and Georgians and the Crusader Kingdom

Partly because the First Crusade had weakened the Seljuk Sultanate in 1097–1099, David III of Georgia was able to extend his power over much of the Caucasus. The rulers of the Crusader States who stood in need of Eastern Christian allies sought to co-operate with him. Yet although some Western knights served in his army, the practical difficulties of co-ordinating joint action against the Islamic powers of north Syria and Anatolia in the twelfth century proved insuperable. In the thirteenth century the Georgian crown offered an alliance to the leaders of the Fifth Crusade: their forces would attack the northern provinces of the Ayyūbid Empire while the crusaders were invading Egypt. This strategy was sound, but the rise of the Mongol Empire prevented it from being implemented. Nevertheless, the desire for military collaboration between Georgia and the Western powers persisted until the mid-fifteenth century.     

Public and Popular: British and Swedish Audience Trends in Factual and Reality Television

The research in this article examines audience responses to a range of factual and reality genres. It takes as a starting point that television audiences do not experience news or documentary or reality TV in isolation but as part of a range of factual and reality programmes. Factual and reality programming includes a broad understanding of non-fictional programming on broadcast television, satellite, cable and digital television. The breakdown of factual and reality programming into specific genres includes news, current affairs, documentary, and reality programmes, with further sub genres applied within each of these categories. This article critically examines genre evaluation. The quantitative research in this article is based on two national representative surveys conducted in Britain and Sweden. In both Britain and Sweden, programme makers have moved towards a reliance on popular factual genres. In Britain this is across all channels, and in Sweden this is mainly concentrated on commercial channels. Whilst there is still a commitment to news, there is an increasing use of hybrid genres in an attempt to popularise factual output. The impact of this changing generic environment on audiences is that in both countries viewers have reacted by drawing a line between traditional and contemporary factual genres. It is precisely because of the redrawing of the factual map that viewers rely on traditional ways of evaluating genres as public and informative, or popular and entertaining. The data provides evidence that contributes to existing debate on television genre, public service broadcasting, and media literacy skills. The central argument in this article is that genre evaluation is connected with wider socio-cultural discourses on public service broadcasting and popular culture, and that these are common social and cultural values that are shared by national audiences in two Northern European countries.     

闽台糕饼粿印模与两地风俗

一糕印、饼印、粿印形制各异、工艺精美,是颇为珍贵的民间艺术创作和文化创造。不仅代表着闽台两地的饮食文化,也反映两地的习俗信仰、节庆生活;同时也显现出艺术与生活结合为一体的传统风俗,在福建、台湾等地年节婚庆、敬神祭祖等传统民俗活动中都有广泛的传播。木制糕饼粿印模以雕刻的手法制作。     

Goals and achievement orientations of anglo and mexican-american adolescents in sport and the classroom

The purpose of this study was to analyze the definitions of success and failure (achievement goals) and preferred means to goal attainment (achievement orientations) among male and female Anglo and Mexican-American high school students I athletes in sport and the classroom. Based on a recent conceptualization of achievement motivation, it was assumed that definitions of success and failure could be equated to personal characteristics, behaviors, or outcomes and reflect an emphasis on either effort or ability. Further, it was assumed that there are two major achievement orientations: In one, the means to goal attainment entail social comparison; in the second, goal attainment is processed according to mastery criteria. Results revealed cultural and sex differences in athletic goals. Anglo males were more likely to define sport success in terms of ability while Anglo females and Mexican-American athletes tended to equate athletic success to the demonstration of effort. The reverse was true for sport failure—Anglo males emphasized low effort while the other groups stressed low ability. Variations in preferred achievement orientations were also revealed. For example, in the athletic setting, females showed the least preference for sport success which reflected on the individual and involved social comparison. Males indicated the least preference for individual-oriented, social comparison-based athletic failure.