上海市自闭谱系障碍儿童早期干预现状调查

研究者选取上海市6所开展自闭谱系障碍儿童早期干预工作的专业教育机构,对其中的46位教师及69位儿童家长进行调查。结果表明,自闭谱系障碍儿童从早期发现到早期评估再到接受早期干预需要经历相当长的时间,仅有27.5%的儿童在3岁前接受了早期干预;教师队伍有待优化;家长虽然对早期干预态度积极,但参与程度有限;儿童每周接受有效干预的时间偏少,干预效果有进一步提高的空间。建议尽快建立并完善自闭谱系障碍儿童早期教育支持体系,配备足量教师并推动教师专业发展,延长儿童接受有效干预的时间,鼓励家长积极参与,以提高干预效果。     

自闭症谱系障碍儿童共情过程中能力缺陷量化研究

共情缺陷是导致自闭症儿童社交障碍的重要因素。研究选取了28名3-7岁的自闭症和正常发展儿童,通过生理信号、面部表情和认知绩效等多模态数据的分析,探讨自闭症儿童共情过程中各阶段的特点,分析自闭症儿童共情缺陷的具体表现。研究发现,自闭症儿童的共情能力缺陷主要体现在较差的认知共情能力和较差的面部表情模仿能力;自闭症儿童的共情过程存在正常的自下而上的情绪分享过程和异常的自上而下的认知调节过程。因此,自闭症儿童共情能力的干预重点应聚焦认知调节过程中认知共情能力的提升和表情模仿能力的训练。     

英国自闭谱系障碍儿童的早期家庭干预

自闭谱系障碍通常被描述为一种起病于3岁之前,以明显的社会交往障碍、言语沟通异常以及刻板的兴趣、奇特的行为方式为特征的谱系障碍。尽早发现、评估、干预,才能最大程度地开发这类儿童的潜能。英国目前已经拥有较为完善的法律保障体系,以保障自闭谱系障碍儿童的权利及其家庭的参与权利。"不只是语言""早起的鸟"等早期家庭干预模式均重视家长的参与,旨在形成由专业人员指导、家长执行并合作解决问题的干预体系,促进自闭谱系障碍儿童发展。英国的经验值得借鉴。     

Supporting the Siblings of Young Children with Disabilities

In this article, Lynda Warren Dodd, who is senior educational psychologist for early years and the Portage Service supervisor in Stockport LEA, discusses the development of a support group for the brothers and sisters of young children with a wide range of disabilities. The group has been running, as an annual event, for eight years and offers a mix of socialising, games and group work. Through the group, the Portage Service aims to address some of the isues that emerge for families when there is a child with a disability. In order to evaluate the support offered to siblings, as well as to the child with special needs and their parents or carers, members of the Portage team gathered views from children and adults. Several key themes emerged from the comments made by children. All the participants enjoyed attending the sibling group. The children had varying degrees of understanding about their brothers' and sisters' disabilities. Some reported positive attitudes while others described the negative feelings they experienced in relation to their siblings' special needs. The parents also tended to value the sibling group and most of them asked for the provision to be extended. Lynda Dodd sets her account of this evaluation in the context of a constructive review of the literature on the sibling experience. She closes her article with a valuable summary of the implications of her work for future policy and practice in this important and often neglected area.     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童心理理论的影响因素研究进展

心理理论是社会认知的重要研究领域,对社会能力的发展有着深刻影响.孤独症谱系障碍是一种广泛性发育障碍,学者采用不同的心理理论任务证实,孤独症儿童心理理论严重缺损.文章重点分析了语言、执行功能、家庭环境、同伴关系、干预等内外在因素对孤独症谱系障碍儿童心理理论的影响.未来的研究应不断改进现有的研究方法,扩展研究对象的年龄和范围,更加注重开展系统的干预研究.     

Classroom Structuring Methods and Strategies for Children and Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism experts and individuals with high-functioning autism contend that many individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) respond most favorably to information that is presented visually. Accordingly, strategies capitalizing on this visual preference have received significant recent attention in both ASD research and practitioner-related literature. This article provides a review of visually based strategies for organizing classrooms for children and youth with ASD. Classroom structuring methods, visual schedules, and visually based organizational strategies are described and discussed. For each of the above, a justification, a brief review of the research literature, implementation guidelines, recommendations for effective use, and suggested resources for practitioners are provided. Tables and figures that provide examples of methods are also provided.     

自闭症谱系障碍儿童专业助手干预技能培训的研究进展

专业助手是自闭症谱系障碍儿童接受教育的重要支持人员,对其学业能力的发展以及社会交往技能的提升具有重要意义。本研究梳理了近二十年国外培训专业助手对自闭症谱系障碍儿童实施干预的实证研究,从专业助手的特征,ASD儿童的特征,专业助手对ASD儿童实施干预的目标行为,实验设计,培训内容与程序,培训及干预效果等维度进行分析,在此基础上指出已有研究存在的局限和未来研究方向,以期为日后自闭症谱系障碍儿童专业助手培训的研究提供参考和建议。     

孤独症儿童的情绪理解研究进展

孤独症儿童特指那些在行为、言语交流和社会性交往等方面存在障碍的儿童.作为儿童早期发展的重要方面,情绪理解对孤独症儿童的认知、社会交往和社会性发展都具有重要作用.因此,孤独症儿童的情绪理解能力一直受到学界的广泛关注.文章综合前人研究,系统介绍了孤独症儿童情绪理解的新近研究成果,总结了现有研究的局限,并就未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

The Relation Between Walking and Language in Infant Siblings of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

In typical development, walk onset is accompanied by increased language growth (e.g., Walle & Campos, 2014). The present study explored whether this relation may be disrupted in the infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; heightened risk of receiving an ASD diagnosis; HR), a population exhibiting substantial variability in motor and language development (e.g., Gamliel, Yirmiya, & Sigman, 2007; Landa & Garrett-Mayer, 2006). Receptive and expressive language were examined across the transition to walking in three groups of HR infants (no diagnosis, language delay, and ASD; N = 91, 8–18 months) and in infants with no family history of ASD (N = 25; 9–15 months). Only infants with an eventual ASD diagnosis did not show increased language growth following walk onset.     

自闭症谱系障碍儿童早期脑结构发育异常及其神经机制

自闭症谱系障碍是儿童发育早期出现的一种神经发展性疾病。近年来,基于婴幼儿同胞研究范式的脑神经科学研究发现,自闭症儿童发育早期会出现皮层表面积加速增大、脑脊液异常增加和脑白质结构异常,这些发现有助于追踪自闭症儿童大脑和核心行为症状的发育轨迹,预测自闭症早期的发生和后期的发展趋势。本文对自闭症儿童早期脑结构发育异常及其神经机制的研究进行了系统梳理,以期深入理解自闭症的发病机制,助益于自闭症的早期筛查、靶向干预和有效康复。     

Evidence-Based Methods for Children and Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Stakeholder Issues and Perspectives

Despite variable interpretations of the meaning and nature of specific effective practice methods and research-supported strategies, such approaches are generally considered essential for children and youth with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Indeed, there is general consensus that only by qualified professionals using effective methods in an approved fashion will optimal student outcomes be achieved. Related to this need, this article presents perspectives of stakeholders connected to use of effective practices with children and youth diagnosed with ASD. A parent, educational practitioner, and program administrator each share their unique perspectives on the subject of effective practice methods for learners with ASD.     

自闭症谱系障碍儿童颜色视觉突显的眼动研究

以37名自闭症谱系障碍儿童为被试,采用颜色图片视觉搜索任务的形式,要求儿童迅速判断由红绿方块所组合成的矩阵图片刺激界面的异同,并借助Tobii X120眼动系统采集和分析被试的眼动数据,探讨自闭症谱系障碍儿童颜色视觉突显的眼动特征。结果发现:在目标呈现的刺激界面的任务中,被试的注视时间和注视点数显著增加;被试对2×2矩阵刺激界面的注视时间显著长于对3×3矩阵刺激界面的注视时间;被试对刺激界面进行任务搜索过程中,目标呈现方式与矩阵大小交互效应显著。因此,研究认为自闭症谱系障碍儿童存在颜色视觉突显,且这种突显在不同程度上受刺激材料的目标呈现方式及干扰项数目的影响。     

美国小学阶段自闭谱系障碍儿童融合教育支持体系

自闭谱系障碍儿童被称为"特殊儿童之王",基于自闭症谱系障碍儿童的核心缺陷是"社会性"发展的缺陷,融合教育对儿童的发展有积极的意义。我国现在也有越来越多的自闭谱系障碍儿童进入普通学校普通班级就读,但近年很多新闻报道这些儿童在随班就读过程中遭遇到困难,甚至被普通家长联名劝退。因为实现真正的融合,并不是简单地将特殊儿童安置在普通教育环境,还需要同时提供系统性的综合的持续的支持和相关服务。本文运用综述研究、实地观察等方法,对美国小学阶段自闭谱系障碍儿童融合教育支持体系的构成和运作机制进行综合分析,以期为我国建设自闭谱系障碍儿童融合教育支持体系提供参考和建议,来提升自闭谱系障碍儿童随班就读的有效性。     

Introduction to the Special Issue: Effective Practices for Children and Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders

This article focuses on the development and use of alternative reading measures that are performance based (authentic and direct), technically adequate, and help teachers make instructional decisions. Although performance assessments are promulgated as better than many traditional, published measures of achievement, few studies on technical adequacy have been conducted. We present 2 studies that focus on concurrent criterion validity and instructional decision making; the studies are framed as examples of reading measurement within the debate on whole language programs. The first study focuses on the relation of the performance measure of oral reading with several other reading measures; the second study focuses on teacher decision making, using quantitative and qualitative outcomes reflecting individual student change in performance (in reading fluency and prosody) over time. In this article, both studies are described briefly, and the emphasis of discussion is placed on appropriately evaluating programs so that the measures match the interventions (are systemically valid) and support their effec- tiveness for use with individual students.     

国外自闭症谱系障碍儿童刻板行为的干预研究综述

刻板行为是自闭症儿童的三大核心症状之一,它的出现会对自闭症儿童个人及其家庭造成多方面负面影响。研究表明,对刻板行为进行干预有利于自闭症儿童的社会融合。本文通过试图梳理目前国外关于自闭症儿童刻板行为干预研究的相关文献,总结刻板行为干预研究的特征及存在的一些问题,为国内相关研究及实践提供启示。     

自闭症谱系障碍儿童睡眠问题的研究:回顾及思考

睡眠问题在自闭症谱系障碍儿童中有高发生率,与他们的核心特征存在错综复杂的关联.睡眠问题属于失眠症的范畴,潜在病原包括神经生物学、心理及行为和家庭环境等因素,对儿童的影响体现在社会交往与沟通、行为表现及认知和个人成长及家庭等方面,现有治疗措施主要有行为干预、药理治疗和其他疗法,最后对自闭症谱系障碍儿童教育与康复提出几点建议.     

Strategies for Transitioning Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorders to Kindergarten

In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the number of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), worldwide. Since children with ASD have limited social interaction and communication skills, they tend to lag behind their peers without disabilities in many areas. In particular, they are unable to easily transition smoothly from one stage of their life to another. Transitions from preschool settings to kindergarten and beyond should be a critical issue of concern for educators and parents of young children with ASD. The results of a survey completed by 65 preschool teachers from Ghana and 210 of their counterparts in the United States of America, about characteristics of effective transition programs for children with ASD, are presented. Implications for preschool teacher preparation and transition planning are discussed.     

Imitation and Pantomime in High-Functioning Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders

A study was designed to test 2 alternative hypotheses—a symbolic hypothesis and an executive function hypothesis—for the imitation and pantomime deficits found in previous studies of autism. The subjects were 17 adolescent high-functioning subjects with autism spectrum disorders and 15 clinical comparison subjects who were matched on chronological age and verbal IQ. Meaning and sequence were manipulated in facial and manual imitation tasks. Sequence was manipulated in the pantomime and control tasks. Recognition memory and motor control tasks were matched to the experimental tasks. The results provided no support for the symbolic deficit hypothesis; meaning aided rather than hindered the performance of the group with autism. Partial support for the executive deficit hypothesis was found. There were no group differences on motor control tasks, and few on the memory control tasks, arguing against deficits in motor initiation, basic motor coordination, or visual recognition memory.