政府管制的两个限度与高等教育市场化

高等教育接近于私人物品,但具有公共性;这种公共性为政府的管制奠定了合法性的基础.公共性与管理方式奠定了政府管理高等教育的两个限度.两个限度的实质是政府、市场、社会与高校间的权力分割、责任分担的界线问题.所谓市场化就是要解决界线问题.但仅有市场化是不够的,非政府组织的存在是解决权力分割与责任分担界线问题的必要准备.此外,高等教育市场化的要旨应在于实现公私之间、公立内部之间的充分竞争.     

高等教育市场化：内涵、原因与限度

高等教育市场化是当代高等教育发展的趋势所在。高等教育市场化是指将市场机制引入高等教育领域,以市场的方式配置高等教育资源。高等教育市场化形成的理论基础主要是新自由主义、新公共管理主义、高等教育私人产品观;现实原因是经济全球化促使国际竞争加剧、高等教育的财政困境和政府单一办大学的局限。在高等教育市场化的进程中,我们需注意的一个问题是市场只能有限度地介入高等教育领域,完全按照市场化运作高等教育并不符合教育的特殊规律和独特使命。     

研究型大学的困境与出路

中国在争创世界一流大学的过程中,在一定程度上是以美国的研究型大学为楷模。但是,高等教育技术革命,教育工程化管理,规模经济和市场扩大使教育市场由零碎型走向集中,非研究型但却是第一流的教学型大学和营利性高等教育的竞争,使美国的研究型大学受到了严峻的挑战。对中国和国际高等教育的大趋势的分析表明,研究型大学与教学型跨国大学(公司)一体化的模式有可能使中国的若干名牌大学既发展成为一流的教学型大学,也显著地增加迈向世界一流的研究型大学的条件。     

对高等教育市场化背景下高校招生简章的体裁分析

以体裁分析理论为基础研究高等教育市场化背景下的高校留学生招生简章。分析结果显示简章在语步特征和文本组织等方面高度相似,揭示出市场化背景下以促销和推广作为其共同交际目的的高校体裁的共性。在此基础上,对市场力量驱动下产生的促销型的高校留学生招生简章范本提出建议。     

Allowing the Market to Rule: The Case of the United States

There are increasing calls in the UK and other countries for deregulating universities so that they can better compete in the global market for higher education. Frequent allusions are made to the superiority of the US market‐oriented system. But is market competition for first degrees in the US efficient for the larger society? Do the constantly increasing social expenditures for higher education in the US benefit the public interest or do they advantage certain students and faculty members? Two recent economic studies provide greater insight into the impacts of market competition on US higher education. The results of these studies are discussed and their possible implications for higher education policy making in other countries are explored.     

深化新建本科院校后勤服务市场化改革的思考

高校后勤服务市场化改革历经十余年并呈现出教育性与市场性共存、服务性与盈利性融合、无形手与有形手并用、安全性与专业性交织的特点。新建本科院校后勤服务市场化改革取得了一定成效但亟需深化,表现为:市场服务初步形成但不够规范、市场竞争成为现实但不够充分、市场监管得到重视但不够有力。深化新建本科院校后勤服务市场化改革要立足时代背景,着重在更新观念、外力支持、促进竞争、加强监管等方面继续推进。     

欧洲理工学院:设想与质疑

创建欧洲理工学院是近年来欧盟发展高等教育的一个新举措,目的是在科研实力和科研成果转化方面赶超美国,并以此带动欧盟地区的社会经济发展.欧洲理工学院的建立将对欧盟国家的高等教育发展和欧洲传统大学产生影响.但是,欧洲理工学院的建立和顺利运作,也存在着许多现实矛盾和困难.     

英国职业教育的市场化

英国职业教育的市场化经历了一个反复、曲折的过程,政府在职业教育市场化的过程中始终发挥政策导向与宏观调控作用。法律推进职业教育市场化的构建,建立与市场需求结合紧密的职业教育课程模式,取消双重制、构建统一的教育市场和促使职业教育机构的办学走向市场是英国职业教育市场化的主要形式。     

市场化环境对大学组织行为的影响及其应对策略

大学处于市场力量与维护学术使命的张力之间，处理好两者之间的关系，成为大学能否在新经济时代扮演其轴心组织作用的关键。本文通过对美国研究型大学的考察，首先分析了大学在教学和研究方面的一些营利性行为以及收益与代价，其次分析了大学制度和组织对于其营利性行为的制约作用，然后简要地讨论了高等教育市场运行机制的特殊性，比较了精英大学与普通大学、非营利性大学与营利性大学之间的行为差异。最后，总结了大学应对外部市场化环境的四个策略。     

科教园区协同创新:优势分析、模式比较与发展路径

科教国区协同创新具有以下优势：地理集中优势、区域经济优势、创新资源优势、科技政策优势、人才集聚优势等。科教国区协同创新的多元竞合模式包括四种羊一模式与四种复合模式。科教国区实现协同创新,必须加强内部紧密合作,实现创新资源共享;促进内部协同竞争,通过创新引领发展5积极开展对外合作,构建多元合作创新平台;创新驱动对外竞争,增强国区社会服务能力;建立协同创新机制,提高科救国区创新能力。     

Dynamics of National and Global Competition in Higher Education

The paper explores the dynamics of competition in higher education. National competition and global competition are distinct, but feed into each other. Higher education produces ‘positional goods’ (Hirsch 1976) that provide access to social prestige and income-earning. Research universities aim to maximise their status as producers of positional goods. This status is a function of student selectivity plus research performance. At system-level competition bifurcates between exclusivist elite institutions that produce highly value positional goods, where demand always exceeds supply and expansion is constrained to maximise status; and mass institutions (profit and non-profit) characterised by place-filling and expansion. Intermediate universities are differentiated between these poles. In global competition, the networked open information environment has facilitated (1) the emergence of a world-wide positional market of elite US/UK universities; and (2) the rapid development of a commercial mass market led by UK and Australian universities. Global competition is vectored by research capacity. This is dominated by English language, especially US universities, contributing to the pattern of asymmetrical resources and one-way global flows. The paper uses Australia as its example of system segmentation and global/national interface. It closes by reflecting on a more balanced global distribution of capacity.     

The Problem of a Market-oriented University

Economy- and technology-driven theories dominate current explanations of social change. The political orientations of the European Union and many of its member states are increasingly based on the idea of knowledge economy where public organisations move towards market-orientation. Among the other producers of knowledge, universities are expected to become part of the innovation system where innovation stands for product making and the final goal is to contribute to the international competitiveness of the national economy. This study focuses on the complicated role of public universities as adaptors of market forces logic. The focus of attention is on the reorientations that Finnish universities have made in terms of commodification. At the same time universities have elaborated new aggressive strategies in order to strengthen their scientific basis and to distance themselves from the demands for new managerialism. One of the key problems in this process is related to the difficulties to integrate the two traditional university functions into the third one, i.e. commercialisation. We make some observations concerning EU policies, but concentrate mostly on changes that have taken place during recent decades in Finland by analysing market-orientation in three Helsinki area universities. In the context of current technology policy, all disciplines have been seen as potential contributors to market competition. However, social sciences produce knowledge that cannot be classified by using pure economic concepts. To sharpen our analysis of market-orientation we study three social science departments at the respective three universities. This analysis indicates the importance of scientific identity as a component of market-orientation. It also shows the importance of contextual issues and the tensions that arise between scientific and commercial orientations.     

高等教育质量经营战略初探

在市场经济和高等教育体制改革日益深化的背景下,基于高校竞争加剧、高校资金筹措困难的事实,高等教育质量需要经营。由此,要有经营高等教育质量所需的、以质量为中心的市场需要观念、竞争观念、社会和经济效益观念。进而还需要从战略高度依目标市场战略、差异化战略、质量管理战略和品牌战略去经营质量,从而实现高等教育质量的持续改进和高等教育及高等院校的可持续发展。     

Hierarchies and 'local' markets: the geography of the 'lived' market place in secondary education provision

While not providing a social class analysis of market competition this paper aims to build upon such work by introducing other factors that appear to be present in the education market place. In this paper market competition is considered along two broad dimensions. The first examines educational markets as spatial phenomenon. In the second an empirical study of competition and markets in action is undertaken based on one year's transfer of pupils to secondary schools across six LEAs, each with different geographies. The study proposes three key ways in which competition between schools can be classified. It also suggests that the education market place is, generally, hierarchical, and that the position of schools within these hierarchies is largely associated with their relative examination performances. The paper concludes by suggesting that the concept and the subsequent identification of the ‘local’ markets is necessary before addressing issues such as the impact on school rolls and potential social segregation of intakes.     

新升格职业大学治理的挑战与应对

职业院校升格为职业大学是我国探索发展本科层次职业教育的新路径.新升格职业大学有效治理面临定位新、基础弱、易漂移的挑战.理念层面,新升格职业大学应树立层次要求与类型特征相融的目标,打造外部治理与内部治理互促的格局,权力分配坚持自治性与开放性并存,建构多维度制度要素互补的组织场域.实践层面,外部治理注重形成政府、行业组织、...     

论一流大学建设的内在逻辑与现实境遇

基于中国建设一流大学的视角,探讨一流大学建设的内在逻辑与现实境遇,对于提高高等教育质量,建设高等教育强国,提升高等教育的国际竞争力具有重要的现实意义。大学是一个深受内外部环境影响的组织,时代变革、国家盛衰、市场兴替与社会稳定无不强烈地影响着大学的办学行为,也在形塑大学的发展理念。大学作为一个复杂性组织,在实现一流的过程中需兼顾教育本质与社会需求,在自觉与他律中协同并进,实现多元、有特色而又不失灵魂的卓越。作为后发外生型组织,我国大学在成为世界一流的过程中面临单向度发展、自主权受限、片面模仿追赶、盲目崇拜量化的现实境遇,出现了浅层技术优先达成、深层制度文化滞后的“脱序”现象。     

我国高校定位存在的误区及其对策研究

教育具有准公共物品和服务的属性决定了其最优的提供方式是政府和市场相结合的模式，因而教育走向市场就成为必然。目前，社会办学、国外大学的进入以及教育资源的竞争，使得高校之间的竞争态势日趋激烈。高校要在激烈的竞争中脱颖而出必须精心塑造自己的独特品牌形象，定位对品牌塑造具有独特的作用。分析我国高等学校在定位方面存在的误区，并提出解决问题的思路，具有重要意义。     

Neoliberal Ideologies,Governmentality and the Academy: An examination of accountability through assessment and transparency

Colleges and universities exist within a political arena where external demands for accountability materialize within a market-driven environment. As a result, government agencies pressure colleges and universities to rely on assessment and transparent reporting to become more market-driven assuming that the competition within the market, led by public choice and institutional selection, will drive improvements in learning and will also self-govern the institutions. This article explores how Foucault informs our conception of neoliberal governmentality through political rationality and technologies of self-governance in order to inform our understanding of accountability in higher education and to challenge institutions to develop a counter dialogue which meets institutional obligations to the public and market.     

美国高校的办学模式及思考

美国高校以其独特的办学模式和办学风格屹立于西方高校之林。办学模式的创新是美国高校的魅力所在。美国高校的办学模式给我国高等教育发展的启示是,我国必须发挥人事、学术、学院管理等体制创新作用,推动高等教育改革;构建内涵式发展的高等教育质量体系;开展重德、创新、社会适应力"三位一体"的素质教育;优化高校教育结构,提升高等教育的办学质量,构建和谐校园。     

The future for industrial engineers: education and research opportunities

EU graduation and the recruitment of industrial engineers (IEs) have been investigated. An increasing demand is observed for graduates in almost all industrial engineering (IE) subjects. The labour market in the EU is evolving towards the service sector even if manufacturing still represents a significant share of both IE employment and gross domestic product. On average, IE in the EU is still within the framework of the ‘market-driven’ paradigm, which contrasts with the knowledge society aims pursued by the ‘Bologna process’. R&D resources and human capital are identified as major success factors to overcome current limits for IE development in the EU. With reference to both factors, a comparison between the EU, Japan and the US is provided. In the EU, the attractiveness of universities and the social dimension are recognized as major forces attracting human capital. Patent maps outline current and future IE research and education fields of interests. Finally, EU higher education opportunities are briefly described.