Attenuating effect of daidzein on polychlorinated biphenyls-induced oxidative toxicity in mouse testicular cells

The attenuating effect of daidzein (DAD on oxidative toxicity induced by Aroclor 1254 (A 1254) was investigated in mouse testicular cells. Cells were exposed to A1254 alone or with DAI. The oxidative damage was estimated by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) content. Results show that A 1254 induced a decrease of germ cell number, an elevation in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) but a decrease in SOD activity and GSH content. However, simultaneous supplementation with DAI decreased TBARS level and increased SOD activity and GSH content. Consequently, dietary DAI may restore the intracellular antioxidant system to attenuate the oxidative toxicity of A1254 in testicular cells.     

Antioxidant activity and protective effect of Clitoria ternatea flower extract on testicular damage induced by ketoconazole in rats

Background

Ketoconazole (KET), an antifungal drug, has adverse effects on the male reproductive system. Pre-treatments with antioxidant plant against testicular damage induced by KET are required. The flowers of Clitoria ternatea (CT) are proven to have hepatoprotective potential. However, the protective effect on KET-induced testicular damage has not been reported.

Objective

To investigate the protective effect of CT flower extracts with antioxidant activity on male reproductive parameters including sperm concentration, serum testosterone level, histopathology of the testis, and testicular tyrosine phosphorylation levels in rats induced with KET.

Methods

The antioxidant activity of CT flower extracts was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Male rats were treated with CT flower extracts (10, 50, or 100 mg/kg BW) or distilled water via a gastric tube for 28 d (preventive period: Days 1–21) and induced by KET (100 mg/kg BW) via intraperitoneal injection for 7 d (induction period: Days 22–28). After the experiment, all animals were examined for the weights of the testis, epididymis plus vas deferens and seminal vesicle, serum testosterone levels, sperm concentration, histological structures and diameter of testis, and testicular tyrosine phosphorylation levels by immunoblotting.

Results

The CT flower extracts had capabilities for DPPH scavenging and high reducing power. At 100 mg/kg BW, the extract had no toxic effects on the male reproductive system. Significantly, in CT+KET groups, CT flower extracts (50 and 100 mg/kg BW) alleviated the reduction of reproductive organ weight parameters, testosterone levels, and sperm concentration. In addition, CT flower extracts gave protection from testicular damage in KET-induced rats. Moreover, in the CT100+KET group, CT flower extracts significantly enhanced the expression of a testicular 50-kDa tyrosine phosphorylated protein compared with that of other groups.

Conclusions

C. ternatea flower extracts possessing antioxidant activity are not harmful to the male reproductive system and can protect against testicular damage in KET-induced rats.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllanthus emblica</Emphasis> leaf extract ameliorates testicular damage in rats with chronic stress

Stress affects the male reproductive system and can cause sub-fertility or infertility. Although Phyllanthus emblica L. (PE) extract has been shown to have high antioxidant capacity and protective properties in damaged tissue, the preventive effects of PE extract on testicular function from stress-related impairment have never been demonstrated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PE aqueous leaf extract on testicular impairment and protein marker changes in rats suffering from chronic stress. Adult male rats were divided into four groups: a control group, a chronic stress (CS) group, and two groups with CS that received different doses of PE extract (50 or 100 mg/kg body weight (BW)). In the treatment groups, the animals were given PE extract daily before stress induction for 42 consecutive days. Stress was induced through immobilization (4 h/d) followed by forced cold swimming (15 min/d). Sperm quality and the histology of the testes and caudal epididymis were examined, as were levels of serum corticosterone, testosterone, and malondialdehyde (MDA). The expressions of testicular steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) and tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins were investigated using immuno-Western blot analysis, as these proteins are assumed to play important roles in spermatogenesis and androgen synthesis. The results showed that PE (50 mg/kg BW) significantly increased sperm concentration and testosterone levels, while decreasing corticosterone levels, MDA levels, sperm head abnormalities, and acrosome-reacted sperm in CS rats. In addition, PE at both doses was found to diminish testicular histopathology in the CS rats. We also found that 50 mg/kg BW of PE significantly improved StAR protein expression and altered the intensities of some tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in testis. We conclude that PE leaf extract at 50 mg/kg BW can prevent testicular damage in rats with CS.     

Protection of salvianolic acid B for human endothelial cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage

Salvianolic acid B(Sal B) is an active component of traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza and is used to treat vascular diseases. To better understand its mechanism, the antioxidant capacities of Sal B was evaluated with human endothelial cells under oxidative stress. Human endothelial cells were pretreated with Sal B for 12 h followed by hydrogen peroxide for another 12 h. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and concentration of glu-tathione were measured: Protective effect of Sal B on the endothelial cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced damage ' was observed, and ROS production in the cells was found significantly inhibited. Sal B remarkably enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and GPX. Furthermore, Sal B up-regulated the intracellular glutathione concentration. The results indicate that Sal B protected endothelial cells from oxidative stress by improving the redox status of the cells through enhancing the antioxidant enzyme activities and increasing the reductive glutathione concentration after the oxidative challenge.     

Hypothetical mode of action of earthworm extract with hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties

The hepatoprotective potential of earthworm extract (EE) (Lampito mauritii, Kinberg) was evaluated against paracetamol-induced liver injury in Wistar albino rat, in comparison with silymarin, the standard hepatoprotective drug. We observed a reduction in liver antioxidants, such as glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx),and catalase (CAT) and in serum total protein, and an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum aspertate aminotranferase (AST), serum alanine aminotranferase (ALT), bilirubin and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) due to liver injury in the paracetamol-administered rats (2 g/kg). On the contrary, increased activities of liver GSH, SOD, GPx,CAT and serum total protein level, and decrease in the contents of serum ALP, AST, ALT, bilirubin and liver TBARS were observed in rats administered with different doses of EE (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg), which are similar to the activities of hepatoprotective drug silymarin (150 mg/kg). The mode of action of EE as evidenced by the above parameters may suggest that EE, on the one hand, prevents the formation of the reactive oxygen groups, or scavenges these groups, thereby preventing the damage on the hepatic cells, and, on the other hand, modulates the genes responsible for synthesis of antioxidant enzymes such as GPx, CAT and SOD in liver tissue and decreases the serum enzymatic activities such as ALP, AST and ALT.     

Nephroprotective effects of Zingiber zerumbet Smith ethyl acetate extract against paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats

Paracetamol (PCM) overdose can cause nephrotoxicity with oxidative stress as one of the possible mechanisms mediating the event. In this study, the effects of ethyl acetate extract of Zingiber zerumbet rhizome [200 mg per kg of body weight (mg/kg) and 400 mg/kg] on PCM-induced nephrotoxicity were examined. Rats were divided into five groups containing 10 rats each. The control group received distilled water while other groups were treated with extract alone (400 mg/kg), PCM alone (750 mg/kg), 750 mg/kg PCM+200 mg/kg extract (PCM+ 200-extract), and 750 mg/kg PCM+400 mg/kg extract (PCM+400-extract), respectively, for seven consecutive days. The Z. zerumbet extract was given intraperitoneally concurrent with oral administration of PCM. Treatment with Z. zerumbet extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg prevented the PCM-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative impairments of the kidney, as evidenced by a significantly reduced (P<0.05) level of plasma creatinine, plasma and renal malondialdehyde (MDA), plasma protein carbonyl, and renal advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP). Furthermore, both doses were also able to induce a significant increment (P<0.05) of plasma and renal levels of glutathione (GSH) and plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The nephroprotective effects of Z. zerumbet extract were confirmed by a reduced intensity of renal cellular damage, as evidenced by histological findings. Moreover, Z. zerumbet extract administered at 400 mg/kg was found to show greater protective effects than that at 200 mg/kg. In conclusion, ethyl acetate extract of Z. zerumbet rhizome has a protective role against PCM-induced nephrotoxicity and the process is probably mediated through its antioxidant properties.     

Effect of polychlorinated biphenyls on spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion in adult cocks

The effects ofpolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on reproduction of adult cocks were studied by gavaging peanut oil or PCBs (Aroclor 1254, 50 mg/kg) once a week for six consecutive weeks. Physiological parameters were recorded and gonads were removed at the end of experiment for histological examination. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the control and treatment group in body weight, respiration rate, heart rate, body temperature, and the numbers of red and white blood cells. However, there was a marked decrease in the testicular weight and serum testosterone level after PCB treatment. Morphological studies manifested severe damage of the seminiferous tubules by PCB. The number of the germ cells at the different developmental stages was decreased and condensed nuclei were observed in most of these cells. This study revealed that the reproductive function of the adult cocks is sensitive to PCBs, which inhibited mainly spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion.     

Effect of polychlorinated biphenyls on spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion in adult cocks

INTRODUCTION Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are members of the halogenated hydrocarbon class of lipophilic environmental endocrine disrupters that includes the dibenzofurans and dioxins. Their appearance in the ecosystem and in the tissues from wildlife, as well as documented cases of accidental poisoning led to the banning of their manufacture in 1977 (Tilson and Kodavanti, 1997). The PCBs continue to be of concern to biologists due to reports that exposure to relatively low levels…     

刺五加对甲醛致运动大鼠心肌氧化损伤的保护作用实验研究

目的：通过实验观察甲醛对运动大鼠心肌组织抗氧化系统的影响及服用刺五加后的作用,探讨甲醛对运动大鼠的心肌组织毒性及刺五加的保护作用。方法：采用人为模拟不同程度甲醛染毒环境进行动式染毒,甲醛剂量分别为0.8 mg/m3,2.4 mg/m3。每天染毒30 min,每周6次,连续4周,刺五加的灌胃剂量为104.17 mg/kg,测定运动大鼠心肌组织的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活力和丙二醛（MDA）的含量。结果：染毒组与对照组相比,2.4 mg/m3剂量染毒运动组大鼠心肌组织 CAT、GSH-PX、SOD活性明显低于对照组（P〈0.01）,MDA含量明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）。服药染毒运动组与染毒运动组相比,0.8mg/m3剂量染毒服药组大鼠心肌组织CAT、GSH-PX、SOD活性明显高于染毒运动组（P〈0.01）,MDA含量明显低于染毒运动组（P〈0.01）。结论：甲醛可以降低染毒大鼠心肌组织抗氧化酶的活性,造成心肌组织氧化性损伤,而灌服中药刺五加可以有效缓解其毒性。     

Effects of concomitant diabetes mellitus and hyperthyroidism on testicular and epididymal histoarchitecture and steroidogenesis in male animals

This study evaluated the effects of comorbid disorders of diabetes and hyperthyroidism in the adult male mice. In total, 32 ICR strain mice were equally distributed into four groups: control (C), diabetic (D), diabetic-plushyperthyroid (DH), and hyperthyroid (H). Mice allocated for diabetes received a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at 200 mg/kg body weight. At the onset of diabetes, one group of mice was concomitantly injected levothyroxine (LT4; 0.3 mg/kg body weight) and the other set of animals received the same treatment independently on a daily basis. The body weight, as well as the testicular and epididymal weights, was reduced markedly in D and DH mice. Higher trends of blood glucose levels were seen in the DH group, in comparison to euthyroid diabetic mice. Thyroid hormones could exert a transient effect on blood glucose homeostasis by altering the serum blood glucose level in diabetic patients. Histomorphometric analysis showed increased luminal sizes of seminiferous tubules, along with decreased epithelial height and atrophic changes in germinal stem cells in the testis of DH and H mice. Caput epididymis of DH mice showed extensive compaction of principal cells, loss of stereocilia, lipid vacuolization, and inflammatory infiltrations; however, damaged tubular integrity, packed clear cells, exfoliated cells, and round spermatids were profoundly noticed in the cauda epididymis. Hyperthyroidism elevated the serum testosterone levels in H and DH mice and produced critical damages to the histoarchitecture of the epididymis. Collectively, this experiment endeavored to mimic the polyglandular autoimmune syndrome, which will be helpful to better understand the reasons for male infertility in diabetic-cum-hyperthyroid patients.     

海藻多糖抗氧化作用的实验研究

目的:研究海藻多糖(Polysaechrides from Spirulina Platensis,PSP)对小鼠肝损伤动物模型与肝匀浆脂质过氧化模型的抗氧化作用。方法:采用腹腔注射CCL4的方法,制造小鼠肝损伤动物模型,金氏法测定血清谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶(SGPT)和肝脏的过氧化脂质(Lipoper-oxides,LPO)含量;Fenton反应诱导小鼠肝匀浆脂质过氧化动物模型,采用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法测定肝匀浆LPO。结果:在体外,海藻多糖可剂量依赖性地抑制Fenton反应导致的CCL4毒化小鼠肝匀浆中LPO的生成,其IC50为1.6×10-4。在体内,灌胃250mg/kg的海藻多糖组可明显降低CCL4毒化小鼠血清SGPT活性(P<0.01)。结论:海藻多糖对体内外的肝组织有一定程度的抗氧化作用。     

复合维生素添加剂对高温期淮北麻鸡生产性能和免疫功能的影响

目的:研究饲粮中添加不同水平的复合维生素添加剂对淮北麻鸡生产性能和免疫功能的影响及其相关性。方法:选取480只28周龄淮北麻鸡,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复40只鸡,饲喂在基础日粮分别添加复合维生素添加剂0(Ⅰ组,对照组)、100 mg/kg(Ⅱ组)、500 mg/kg(Ⅲ组)、1000 mg/kg(Ⅳ组),预试期2周,正试期8周。结果:与对照组比较,1)Ⅲ、Ⅳ组产蛋率比显著提高(P0.05),料蛋比显著降低(P0.05),蛋的受精率、孵化率及出雏率显著提高(P0.05);而Ⅱ组产蛋率、料蛋比、蛋孵化率和出雏率的变化不显著(P0.05);2)Ⅲ、Ⅳ组中血清免疫球蛋白A(Ig A)、免疫球蛋白M(Ig M)和补体C4含量显著提高(P0.05);而Ⅱ组中以上指标含量变化不显著(P0.05);3)Ⅲ、Ⅳ组血清超氧化物歧化酶活性和血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性及总抗氧化能力明显提高(P0.05),而Ⅱ组变化不明显(P0.05)。结论:饲粮中添加500~1000 mg/kg复合维生素添加剂能提高热应激条件下淮北麻鸡的生产性能、抗氧化能力和免疫功能。     

薄荷油对小鼠肝肾损伤的动物实验研究

目的：从病理学形态改变的角度探索薄荷提取液对肝脏和肾脏的损伤作用。方法：实验以昆明小白鼠为研究对象,将其随机分组,采用灌胃的方法给予不同剂量薄荷油。从病理学角度观察其肝、肾器官形态改变,以了解该植物提取液的毒性和致死量。结果：通过急性实验,发现大剂量薄荷油对小白鼠的肝、肾均有损伤作用,随着剂量的增加,病理变化随之明显。组织切片显示肝细胞水肿和脂肪变性,肾小管上皮也可见一定的损伤,表现为上皮细胞水肿。结论：大剂量薄荷油对小鼠的肝、肾均有损伤作用,肝毒性显著,并对肾脏有轻度毒性。     

Phenolic profile of jujube fruit subjected to gut microbiota fermentation and its antioxidant potential against ethyl carbamate-induced oxidative damage

Objective: To evaluate the composition of bioactive substances and the antioxidant effects of jujube fruit under gut microbiota fermentation(GMF), and the inhibitory effect on cytotoxicity caused by ethyl carbamate(EC). Methods: Changes in the contents of flavonoids, polyphenols, total sugars, and reducing sugars of jujube fruit after GMF(0, 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h)were determined. The oxidation resistance of fermented jujube fruits(from 0 to 48 h fermentation) was evaluated using in vitro2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)(ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP) assays. Inhibitory effects of 48 h-fermented jujube fruit at various concentrations(0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 mg/m L) on EC-treated toxicity and DNA damage of Caco-2 cells were estimated using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2 H-tetrazolium bromide(MTT)and nuclear staining assays, respectively. Effects of different concentrations of jujube fruit on EC-treated Caco-2 cells' intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS), glutathione(GSH) levels, and mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP) were also evaluated. Results: Jujube fruit has rich bioactive components after GMF and shows strong antioxidant capacity. Fermented jujube fruit can inhibit the cytotoxicity and DNA damage of Caco-2 cells caused by EC and reduce intracellular ROS generation, as well as restoring GSH and MMP. Conclusions: Fermented jujube fruit extracts produced by GMF still contain biologically active substances which retain biological activity and antioxidation capabilities.     

急性铅中毒对小鼠睾丸病理损伤研究

为了研究急性铅中毒对小鼠睾丸病理变化的影响,通过对小鼠饲喂含有醋酸铅的去离子水建立铅负荷小鼠模型.处理10 d后取材,分析体质量、睾丸指数和睾丸病理剖检变化.结果显示：与对照组相比,铅中毒组小鼠体质量无明显变化,睾丸指数降低,且差异显著（P＜0.05）;小鼠睾丸中支持细胞、生精细胞和间质细胞数量减少.铅对小鼠睾丸具有显著损害作用,从而影响小鼠的生殖健康.     

全氟辛烷磺酸盐暴露对斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性与氧化应激的影响

探讨了全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)对斑马鱼胚胎的发育毒性与氧化应激的影响。将斑马鱼胚胎暴露于系列浓度(0.1mg/L,0.5mg/L,1mg/L,5mg/L,10mg/L)的PFOS中,分别在胚胎受精后数小时(24hpf,48hpf,72hpf,96hpf,120hpf)内统计急性发育毒性指标,包括存活率、畸形率、心率以及孵化率。同时在暴露结束的120hpf,检测相关的抗氧化酶活性变化,主要包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Gpx)以及脂质过氧化物(MDA)。结果显示,PFOS能够导致胚胎/幼鱼存活率降低,畸形率增加,心率加快以及孵化延迟;同时,胚胎SOD活性以及MDA水平增加,CAT与Gpx活性降低,表明PFOS能够诱发斑马鱼胚胎急性发育中毒,影响其抗氧化系统,导致胚胎产生氧化应激。     

磁化水对注射高剂量抗癌药物的小鼠的影响

１　Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　ＴｈｅｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓｂｅｉｎｇｕｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｏｆｄｉｓｅａｓｅｓａｒｅｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｏｓｅｆａｓｔｅｓｔｇｒｏｗｉｎｇｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓｉｎｍｅｄｉｃａｌｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｉｎＣｈｉｎａ．Ｔｈｅｐｕｒｓｕｉｎｇｆｏｒｔｈｅｒａｐｅｕｔｉｃａｌｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｓｏｆｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓｉｓａｌｓｏａｎａｒｅａｏｆｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ．Ｉｔｉｓｎｏｗｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄｔｏｌｅｓｓｅｎ…     

槲皮素对四氯化碳引起的小鼠急性肝损伤治疗作用及其机理

研究目的：本研究旨在观察槲皮素对四氯化碳（CCl4）诱导的肝损伤的治疗解毒作用及其机理。创新要点：首次发现槲皮素对CCl4诱导的肝损伤有治疗作用,并且首次发现Prx和Trx家族参与其中。研究方法：检测小鼠血清转氨酶含量,并检测肝组织中丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）和4．羟基壬烯醛（4-HNE）含量,并用实时聚合酶链式反应（PCR）检测肝组织中Prx1-6、TrxR1／2、Trx1／2、Nrf2和HO．1的mRNA表达情况。重要结论：CCl4造模成功后口服槲皮素对其造成的急性肝损伤有治疗作用,给药组小鼠血清中的转氨酶与模型组相比均有显著下降,通过MDA和免疫组化分析其机理可能和保护氧化应激损伤有关,通过实时PCR分析发现CCl4抑制了抗氧化酶Prx家族、TrxRd1、TrxRd2、Trx1、Trx2和Nrf2及其下游HO-1的基因表达,而槲皮素可以逆转CCl4降低的这些基因的表达。     

湿地内外滇池水体中微囊藻毒素对小鼠生殖毒性的研究

通过提取湿地内外滇池水体水样中的微囊藻毒素,检测湿地内外水体中微囊藻毒素对小鼠的生殖毒性,以及对其体外和体内精子活性的影响.结果表明：湿地外周滇池水体中的微囊藻毒素对小鼠具有生殖毒性,特别在精子的生成和精子活性方面表现出较强的毒性作用;湿地内水体的生殖毒性明显低于湿地外水体,对小鼠的睾丸和附睾不会形成器质性变化,也不会影响精子的数量和精子活性（与对照组比较P〉0.05）.结果证实湿地能有效抑制滇池水体中微囊藻毒素的形成,对滇池水质可起到有效的净化作用.     

Effect of glycine site/NMDA receptor antagonist MRZ2/576 on the conditioned place preference and locomotor activity induced by morphine in mice

Objective： To study the effect of glycine site/NMDA （N-methyl-D-aspartate） receptor antagonist MRZ2/576 on the conditioned place preference （CPP） and locomotor activity induced by morphine in mice. Methods： Different doses （1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, i.p.） of MRZ2/576 were used to evaluate the effect of MRZ2/576 on the acquisition and expression of CPP induced by morphine （5 mg/kg） in mice. In addition, we examined the locomotor activity of mice in conditioning and testing phase of CPP paradigm. Results： MRZ2/576 alone could not establish place preference, but a 5 mg/kg dose of MRZ2/576 could block both acquisition and expression of morphine-induced CPP. In testing phase of CPP, there was no statistical difference for locomotor activity between the groups; injection of MRZ2/576 showed a dose-dependent decrease of locomotor activity on both control and morphine-treated mice, especially 5 mg/kg of MRZ2/576 significantly suppressed the locomotor activity of mice. Conclusion： Based on the present results, we assume that MRZ2/576 can antagonize the rewarding effect of morphine, suggesting that this glycine site/NMDA receptor antagonist could be used to treat addictions due to its light side effect profile.