生物学选择题的解答方法

1单项选择题(1)直入法:遇到考查概念、结构、功能以及种群、群落、生态系统等方面的知识要求层次较低的题目时,要抓住题干的主要考点,联想相关内容单刀直入地快速确定选项。例:所有的原核细胞都具有()A.核糖体和线粒体B.细胞膜和叶绿体C.内质网和中心体D.细胞膜和核糖体解析:根     

生物学高考多选题浅析

不问的题型承载着实现知识和能力考查的不同功能。选择题注重考查“再认”水平上的分析、判断能力,同时也考查思维品质的敏捷性、灵活性、深刻性和批判性等组成因素。多项选择题(又称X型题)自2001年全国单科高考广东卷出现后,今年江苏卷将继续延用。依据《考试说明》(新课程版),今年生物科高考中多项选择题占全卷总分比约为12%～15%。多选题因其赋分特点、能力层次、占总分比等而成为历年来制约高考成绩的“瓶颈”之一。1 试题特点多选题的正确选项含2个以上。作为选择题,它同样具有客观性强、阅卷快捷、覆盖知识面广等优点,     

选择题测试中试题库系统的设计与实现

本介绍了选择题测试中的试题库系统的设计和实现，由于该系统具有测试面广、客观、公正、快捷的特点，它在当今的无纸化考试中是不可或缺的．     

A comparison of the WISC information and arithmetic subtests with a multiple choice procedure using kindergarten,first-, and second-grade children

Fifty-nine children in kindergarten, first, and second grade were given the WISC information and arithmetic subtest. Approximately three weeks later, the subjects were presented with the same questions, and four multiple choice answers were shown and read to them. The number of correct responses on each subtest for each presentation method was recorded. The multiple choice method of presentation response yielded significantly higher scaled scores than did the standard WISC presentation with the free response mode of testing.     

由一种选择题所想到的──兼谈语言学理论对英语教学的指导意义

目前对语言交际功能的研究日益突出。运用主述位理论对语言进行的动态研究，对当前中学英语测试中选择题最佳答案的确定十分有利。语言学理论对英语教学越来越重要，中学英语教师应加强语言学理论的学习与应用。     

如何培养学生多项选择题的解题能力

多项选择题是单科考试的一个题型,该题型分值大,失分率高,多选,少选,错选都有可能。如何提高准确率?笔者认为可以从以下几个方面训练,提高解题能力。1夯实基础知识,培养基本能力多项选择题题型上虽然看起来较难,其实它是从不同侧面多角度、多层次考查学生的知识和能力,题目有基     

A multiple cross-cultural comparison of approaches to learning

This study compares learning approaches of local English-speaking students and students from Asian countries studying at an Australian metropolitan university. The sample consists of students across 13 different countries. Unlike previous studies, students from Asian countries are subdivided into two categories: students from Confucian Heritage Cultures (CHC) and students from Asia-based non-Confucian Heritage Cultures (non-CHC). The rich diversity of student background enables meaningful comparison between cultural groups. There are three key findings. Firstly, CHC and non-CHC students are more likely to adopt a deep learning approach than local English-speaking (LES) students. Secondly, CHC students show a strong tendency to simultaneously adopt surface and deep approaches to learning. This tendency also exists with non-CHC students, albeit not as strongly as in as the former group. The LES students show the least tendency to adopt this mixed approach. Thirdly, memorisation appears correlated with deep learning across all three groups. The study is exploratory in nature but, if confirmed with larger samples, points to the need for further research beyond the traditional focus on CHC students on the role that memorisation and culture play in learning.     

A comparison of multiple methods for the identification of children with reading disabilities

There has been considerable discussion of the methods used for the identification of children with reading disabilities. This study examined three different methods that could be used in the identification of children with reading disabilities and their consistency with teacher ratings of behaviors believed to be associated with reading disabilities. Standardized, norm-referenced measures of achievement, phonological processing measures, and curriculum-based measures of reading fluency were used with 40 children in Grades 1 and 2. Comparisons were made to determine which measures, if any, differentiated between children referred for reading disabilities (n = 20) and children who were progressing typically in reading in their general education classroom settings (n = 20). The results indicated significant between-group differences on standardized, norm-referenced measures of reading recognition, word attack, and comprehension; phonological measures of blending nonwords and elision; and reading fluency. Teacher ratings on the Dyslexia Screening Instrument were consistent with teacher beliefs regarding children's progress in reading. All measures were found to correlate significantly with each other. However, correlations were generally in the moderate range, suggesting that the measures used did not measure the same reading skills or, in the case of phonological processing, the underlying abilities believed to be necessary for reading. Given the differences in tasks and the moderate correlations, it is likely that the choice of measures may affect the conclusions reached regarding a student's reading ability.     

Deprivation level and choice in pigeons: a test of within-trial contrast

Within-trial contrast has been proposed as a mechanism underlying preferences for stimuli that follow relatively more aversive events over stimuli that follow less aversive events. In this study, we manipulated deprivation level to test within-trial contrast predictions. In Experiment 1, pigeons encountered two discriminative stimuli, one presented when they were deprived and the other when they were prefed. When later given a choice between the two stimuli, pigeons strongly preferred the stimulus encountered when deprived, independently of their deprivation level at test. In Experiment 2, pigeons learned two simultaneous discriminations, one when deprived and the other when prefed. Here, subsequent tests between the two S⁺ or the two S⁻ stimuli revealed no consistent preferences. These contrasting findings suggest that differential aversiveness is necessary but not sufficient to induce preferences via within-trial contrast.     

A cross-cultural comparison of numeracy skills using a written and an interactive arithmetic test

This study applied two arithmetic tests, one written and one one computer-based interactive, to samples of primary school children from two populations, one suburban non-Aboriginal and one rural Aboriginal. The results from the written test were significantly (p?&;lt;?0.001) better for the non-Aboriginal children than for the Aboriginal children. This was not the case with the results from the computer-based interactive test. The study used Rasch-based methodology to reduce the results from the two tests to a common scale, to ascertain whether the Aboriginal children performed better (in relation to the non-Aboriginal children) in the computer-based than in the written test. The study found that this was the case, and concluded that the results from the computer-based test exhibited less cultural bias against the Aboriginal children than the written test.     

A comparison of the Slosson intelligence test and the WISC-R with elementary school children

The WISC-R and the Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) were given to 69 randomly selected children in grades one through six in an urban school system. A regression equation for predicting WISC-R full scale IQ from SIT was developed. Previous studies had reported that SIT IQs tended to be consistently higher than WISC-R IQs. The present study revealed that SIT IQs were considerably higher than WISC-R IQs in the upper range and slightly lower in the lower range. A possible reason for the discrepancy is that the present study used a normal population and previous studies used restricted ranges. It was concluded that the SIT provides a good estimate of WISC-R full scale IQs when a regression equation is used. It was recommended, however, that educational placement decisions should not be made on the basis of any single IQ measure.     

中西古典舞比较之我见

本文从中国古典舞和芭蕾舞的起源差异入手,简述了中西古典舞产生的背景以及各自的发展阶段,并就中国古典舞“圆、曲、拧、倾”的审美原则和芭蕾舞“开、绷、直、立”的审美原则进行比较。     

Instrumentalism amongst students: a cross-national comparison of the significance of subject choice

Both educational policies and academic literature assume that students take an instrumental approach to their studies at university. However, despite wide-ranging discussions in the academic literature about contemporary arrangements and practices in higher education, empirical examinations of these conditions are notably scarce. This article reports on a comparative qualitative study into undergraduate students’ accounts of studying business or sociology at universities in Britain and Singapore. Drawing on Eric Fromm’s distinction between learning as ‘having’ and ‘being’, the article demonstrates that – regardless of national context – those studying business displayed many elements of passive, instrumentalised, or ‘having’ orientations to learning, whilst those studying sociology showed clear signs of the more active and less instrumental ‘being’ mode of learning. By examining subject allegiance across national borders, this article underscores the importance of recognising subject choice, alongside other important contextual factors, in moving towards a nuanced understanding of student dispositions.     

岩爆相似材料配比试验及敏感性分析

深部隧道岩爆已成为影响工程安全施工的重要危险源,室内模拟实验是研究深部岩爆问题的重要手段之一。为研究岩爆倾向性较高的模型,使用石英砂、水泥、石膏等材料进行配置,设计正交试验方案,进行力学试验,依据岩爆倾向性指数及脆性指标,利用试验试件参数进行有限元模拟,对室内试验进行验证。结果表明,配比为石英砂55%、石膏水泥比2.5:1、松香4%、水含量23.3%的2号试件具有比其他两组试件更强的脆性,配比为石英砂70%、石膏水泥比1.5:1、松香3.5%、水含量20.6%的16 号试件具有更强的岩爆倾向性。以2 号试件为例进行数值模拟,两者数据拟合较好,模拟现象与试验现象相吻合,可为岩爆室内试验及模拟提供参考。     

A question of choice: The implications of assessing expressive writing in multiple genres

The Maryland School Performance Assessment Program (MSPAP) tests include an expressive writing task in which students at grades 3, 5, and 8 can choose to write about any topic they wish in the form of either a story, poem, or play. This test design feature provided the opportunity to investigate what factors contribute to students' choice of genre, how scorers apply a single expressive writing rubric to a range of genres, and whether these genres constitute equivalent tasks for measurement and reporting purposes. Our study, which combined analysis of statewide score data, 300 randomly selected student texts, questionnaires given to teacher-scorers, and interviews with students, argues strongly for the validity of this choice task as a measure of expressive writing and demonstrates that choice of genre both increases writers' engagement and enhances the fairness of the assessment by giving all students the best opportunity to demonstrate proficiency in this learning outcome. By highlighting several features of student texts that complicate scoring, the study also suggests that accuracy and consistency might be improved by

• 1.1) providing additional sample papers during training,
• 2.2) attending to scorers' assumptions regarding several key concepts, especially “originality,” and
• 3.3) adjusting the ways that training for focused holistic scoring generally takes place.

The study concludes that the perceptions of students, scorers, and classroom teachers are critical to the ongoing development of writing assessments that offer students increasing control and choice.     

The overall effects of end-of-course assessment on student performance: A comparison between multiple choice testing, peer assessment, case-based assessment and portfolio assessment

This study investigates the effect of method of assessment on student performance. Five research conditions go together with one of four assessment modes, namely: portfolio, case-based, peer assessment, and multiple choice evaluation. Data collection is done by means of a pre-test/ post-test-design with the help of two standardised tests (N=816). Results show that assessment method does make a difference: assessments do not produce overall effects on student performance. Moreover, student-activating instruction efforts do not automatically result in more extensive learning gains. Finally, test results show, when compared to other assessments, a statistically significant positive effect of the multiple choice test on students' test scores. However, students' preparation level and the closed book format of the tests might serve explanatory purposes.     

Matching-to-sample in pigeons: In the absence of sample memory,sample frequency is a better predictor of comparison choice than the probability of reinforcement for comparison choice

In matching-to-sample, comparison choice should be controlled by the identity of the sample and, when the sample is not available, by the overall probability of reinforcement associated with each of the comparisons. In the present research, pigeons were trained to match a frequent sample (appearing on 80% of the trials) to one comparison (C _fr) and an infrequent sample (appearing on 20% of the trials) to the other (C _inf), with the number of reinforcements associated with each sample equated. In Experiment 1, the task was identity matching; in Experiments 2 and 3, it was symbolic matching. We asked whether, when control of comparison choice by the sample was reduced (by inserting a delay between the sample and the comparisons), pigeons would choose comparisons on the basis of (1) the number of reinforcements per comparison (and thus show no comparison bias), (2) the comparison associated with the more frequent sample during training (and show a preference forC _fr), or (3) the probability of reinforcement given a correct response (and show a preference forC _inf), or (4) inhibition produced by nonreinforced choice of the more frequently correct comparison (and show a preference forC _inf). Pigeons showed a significant tendency to chooseC _fr. In Experiment 3, we showed that this bias did not result from the effects of intertrial facilitation or interference. Thus, it appears that when control of comparison choice by the sample is reduced, pigeons’ choice is controlled not merely by the probability of reinforcement but also by overall sample frequency.     

Justifying the selection of answers in multiple choice items

Although multiple choice tests, as commonly used, can be rightly criticized, their structure, when wisely used, makes them an excellent diagnostic tool for identifying students’ conceptions, including misconceptions. This paper offers a number of useful guidelines regarding the analysis of multiple choice items. A special reference is made to the use of the justifications that students provide for their choices. Examples of the procedures, which may be used in analysing justifications and the kinds of diagnostic information that may be obtained, are provided.