E-Mail as Spectroscopy: Automated Discovery of Community Structure within Organizations

We describe a method for the automatic identification of communities of practice from e-mail logs within an organization. We use a betweenness centrality algorithm that can rapidly find communities within a graph representing information flows. We apply this algorithm to an initial e-mail corpus of nearly 1 million messages collected over a 2-month span, and show that the method is effective at identifying true communities, both formal and informal, within these scale-free graphs. This approach also enables the identification of leadership roles within the communities. These studies are complemented by a qualitative evaluation of the results in the field.     

地方政府电子信箱服务应对市民投诉机理研究

地方政府电子政务发展是政府职能转变的重要内容,研究地方政府电子信箱服务应对市民投诉对构建服务型政府具有重要意义。通过构建地方政府电子信箱服务发展模型,推导地方政府电子信箱服务应对市民投诉的机理与决策过程。研究发现:地方政府电子信箱服务应对市民投诉受资源禀赋影响明显,地方政府电子信箱服务链对地方电子政务发展引领作用明显,最后提出了相应的电子政务发展建议。     

Battle of the Sexes on E-Mail-Or Is It?

Few studies have attempted to link e-mail use to power and politics. The purpose of this article is to offer some initial evidence and analysis of e-mail's role in organizational power and politics. To frame the discussion, the article reviews the relevant writings on power and politics. The review is concluded with a theoretical critique that suggests that contextual and, particularly, temporal aspects should be incorporated into research on power and politics in organizations. To demonstrate how an analysis based on temporal aspects can be undertaken, a case study that outlines the use of e-mail for power and politics in a university is presented. The discussion and conclusions sections synthesize the analysis by demonstrating that what was interpreted by many organization members at the early stages of the conflict as a ''battle of the sexes'' can be seen (and, indeed, was interpreted by many organization members at the later stages of the conflict) as an elaborate exercise in misinformation created by top management to further its political objectives. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications from this case to e-mail research and practice.     

面向政务信息资源管理的电子邮件元数据标准研究

政务电子邮件日渐成为政府信息资源的重要组成部分。电子邮件元数据研究是政务电子资源管理领域的重要课题之一。本文通过政务电子邮件管理及元数据标准的相关研究成果的分析吸收,根据政务电子邮件管理的总体目标,总结出政务电子邮件元数据标准的设计规则和方法。     

虚拟实践社区中知识转移的语义交互模型研究

为了提高虚拟实践社区知识转移的质量,促进社区内的知识共享和创新,提出了一种基于语义级的虚拟实践社区知识转移模型构建方法。从虚拟实践社区区别于实践社区和虚拟社区的特殊性出发,运用混合本体方法构建了虚拟实践社区的知识集成框架;构建不同类型的知识转移消息的形式化模型,进而从内容感知的角度,结合相似度计算给出知识转移参与者的选择算法。基于本体构建的社区知识存储模型有利于用户间从语义层次上进行交互,提高社区内知识转移的效率和准确率。     

A social network scorecard to monitor knowledge flows across communication media

This paper describes the application of a scorecard, based on social network analysis, to monitor the evolution of knowledge flows. This scorecard helps organizations to identify new ways to optimize knowledge flows by combining communication media that match their working environments. Three case studies were conducted: one within an Italian Research Centre, and two within U.S.-based Research and Education Centres. The interactions of members of these business communities were observed by monitoring multiple communication media over time. This is a departure from the common practice of using only e-mail communications to describe social networks. The goal of this paper is to answer the following question: does e-mail alone represent an accurate approximation of the social network? The results suggest that a better approximation can be found by monitoring multiple media: e-mail, chat, telephone, social networking websites, and face-to-face interactions.     

基于信息生命周期管理的政务电子邮件管理策略

政务电子邮件日渐成为政府信息资源的重要组成部分,对其进行有效管理的重要性也日益突出。首先阐述了信息生命周期管理的概念及其六个阶段,在此基础上,提出了政务电子邮件信息生命周期各阶段的管理策略,并提出了政务电子邮件信息生命周期管理实施的建议。基于信息生命周期管理的政务电子邮件管理策略为政务邮件管理提供了理论基础和实施规范。     

浅议英文商务电子邮件的语言特征

电子邮件在商务活动中日渐普及,然而目前研究英文商务电子邮件的文献仍然甚少;作者从五家不同的进出口贸易公司搜集100封真实的商务电子邮件作为语料,分别从它们的书写、词汇和句法三个层面进行分析,旨在探讨英文商务电子邮件这一以电脑为媒介的交流方式所呈现出的语言特征。     

蛇足再强也无益——派系度，外接企业与团体创新绩效

网络内的派系团体比普通的联盟具有更高的联系紧密度,有助于进一步共享知识和合作研发。目前的研究较少关注派系团体与对团体创新能力的影响。本文基于中国9个高科技行业的联盟数据,并计算派系团体的派系度。派系团体内的构成越复杂,派系度越大。我们使用派系过滤算法和负二项回归模型,研究了最基本的3-派系-团体对于派系团体的创新能力的影响。研究结果表明,派系度与派系团体的创新能力之间呈倒U型关系,而派系团体外的企业数量会对这影响过程产生抑制作用。本研究对于企业联盟结派时选择派系团体梯队时,有一定的借鉴作用。     

Relationship quality,community promotion and brand loyalty in virtual communities: Evidence from free software communities

The Internet has favored the growth of collaborative platforms where marketers and consumers interact to develop more engaging products and services. These platforms are usually centered in a specific brand/product and their members are linked by a shared admiration to that brand. This paper analyzes one of the most powerful online collaborative platforms, the free software (FS) case, which involves a lot of virtual communities developed around products such as Linux or Android, the new Google's mobile operating system. Our purpose is to determine some of the main antecedents and consequences of the consumer involvement in this type of communities. Results have shown that satisfaction with a virtual community may increase the level of consumer participation in that community. At the same time, a greater identification with the virtual community may increase indirectly the consumer participation thanks to the enhancement of his/her satisfaction with the community. We have also found positive and significant effects of consumer identification and participation on the level of community promotion. Finally, positive and significant effects of consumer participation and satisfaction with the community on loyalty to the FS were also found. These findings allow us to conclude some interesting managerial implications.     

The Virtual College: Computer-Mediated Communication and Scientific Work

Computer-mediated communication (CMC) has become an integral part of scientific work. Based on interviews with academic scientists in four fields, we discuss the impacts of CMC on the organization of scientific work. We find evidence that CMC may be leading to new collaboration patterns, more communication within collaborations, and peripherality effects. However, these effects are heavily mediated by the nature of access and the social context into which CMC has been introduced.     

The Virtual College: Computer-Mediated Communication and Scientific Work

Computer-mediated communication (CMC) has become an integral part of scientific work. Based on interviews with academic scientists in four fields, we discuss the impacts of CMC on the organization of scientific work. We find evidence that CMC may be leading to new collaboration patterns, more communication within collaborations, and peripherality effects. However, these effects are heavily mediated by the nature of access and the social context into which CMC has been introduced.     

The technology mismatch paradox of mobile e-mail access: When changed norms of responsiveness meet technology undersupply

Connectivity, enabled by mobile devices and mobile e-mail access in particular, plays an increasingly important role at work. While there is a growing body of literature on employees who experience great levels of connectivity, little is known about those who have low levels of connectivity because they have not been provided with mobile devices for work. When highly connected individuals collaborate with less technologically equipped employees, the latter have to negotiate their work practices in a demanding space of expectations and technological constraints and affordances. This article examines these dynamics via mixed-methods case studies of two public-sector organizations in Germany.     

Relations in Practice: Sorting Through Practice Theories on Knowledge Sharing in Complex Organizations

We examine practice theories concerned with knowledge sharing in complex organizations to distinguish common trends and variations in this complex body of work. We suggest that an analytical framework highlighting the relational thinking in practice theories can serve as a tool to sort through the literature on knowledge sharing. First, we delineate a relational framework consisting of seven attributes associated with a practice theory. Second, we use this framework to analyze a narrow set of practice theories represented by three seminal works on communities of practice. Third, we compare and contrast the relational dynamics found in the three seminal works in regard to how they conceptualize knowledge sharing within and across communal boundaries.     

Sociological Rob: How Rob Kling Brought Computing and Sociology Together

We examine practice theories concerned with knowledge sharing in complex organizations to distinguish common trends and variations in this complex body of work. We suggest that an analytical framework highlighting the relational thinking in practice theories can serve as a tool to sort through the literature on knowledge sharing. First, we delineate a relational framework consisting of seven attributes associated with a practice theory. Second, we use this framework to analyze a narrow set of practice theories represented by three seminal works on communities of practice. Third, we compare and contrast the relational dynamics found in the three seminal works in regard to how they conceptualize knowledge sharing within and across communal boundaries.     

鄱阳湖南矶湿地植物群落分布特征研究

湿地植物群落是湿地生态系统的重要组分,是湿地生态系统的主要初级生产者,维持和承载着湿地生态系统各种各样的物理过程和生物功能,其结构、功能和生态特征能综合反映湿地生态环境的基本特点和功能特性.湖泊湿地水位波动及其带来的环境梯度变化对湿地植物群落的影响是生态学中的重要问题之一.本研究通过2010年10月到2012年2月在鄱阳湖南矶湿地设置57个固定样方开展植物群落的高度、植物种类、数量,优势种高度及植物的物候学特征逐月观测,研究了鄱阳湖南矶湿地植物群落生长发育过程以及植物群落时空变化特征,并且对这些特征的可能形成原因以及其和鄱阳湖水位波动的关系等进行了探讨.结果认为,受鄱阳湖水位周期性波动和湿地植物自身特性等因素的影响,鄱阳湖南矶湿地植物群落生长、发育、繁殖等过程都与鄱阳湖水位波动密切相关;植物群落空间上沿距湖岸的远近、高程和水位梯度呈现出明显的环带状分布或弧状分布格局;时间上表现出明显的季相变化特征.     

Information and communication technologies (ICT)-enabled severe moral communities and how the (Covid19) pandemic might bring new ones

In this study we present an autopoietic social systems model based on Collectively Prevalent Interpretants (CPIs). We adapt this model to represent and exemplify how Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) may enable the emergence of severe moral communities. In particular, we argue that ICTs may help severe moral communities promote increasingly polarized, radicalized and even extremist viewpoints. We also discuss our propositions in the context of the current pandemic (caused by Covid19) and warn about the possible emergence of new and related severe moral communities. In an effort to help understand and manage the enabling role of ICTs, the study also presents recommendations for theory and practice, which may prove useful in advancing digital resiliency (by empowering individuals and communities to recognize when this may be occurring).     

发明者网络社群动态配置及对创新能力的影响

   鉴于发明者在创新活动中的“抱团”研发现象,采用GN算法,识别可再生能源行业发明者合作创新网络的社群结构,根据社群内部成员和社群经纪人网络位点的不同,通过相邻期社群动态追踪,划分社群结构动态配置,实证社群配置与社群创新能力间的关系。结果表明：发明者合作创新网络存在明显的社群划分,不同类型的社群动态配置对社群发明者创新影响显著不同。总体为,动态与静态相协调的社群配置优于双动或双静的社群配置,具体为,“动荡”社群创新能力最弱,“纽带”社群创新能力最强,“独立”及“固化”社群介于两者间。以促进发明者创新,政策应该有利于创新网络动态及稳定的折中。     

基于共词分析虚拟社区中有效需求信息获取框架研究

在虚拟社区快速发展的背景下,企业如何通过以分享知识和经验为主的虚拟社区平台获取有效需求信息便成为一个亟待解决的问题。本文基于以分享知识和经验为主的虚拟社区,对隐含于虚拟社区中的需求信息的特点以及参与虚拟社区的成员特征进行了分析。鉴于虚拟社区中需求信息以及社区成员的特征,针对隐含于虚拟社区中的需求信息难以有效获取,引入共词分析法,提出基于共词分析的有效需求信息获取框架,得到在虚拟社区下获取有效需求信息的步骤。     

Trolling in online communities: A practice-based theoretical perspective

The literature on trolling has viewed trolling as discrete instances of transgression undertaken by antagonistic individuals. We identify three main issues with current theorizations: diffuse definitions of “trolling,” blurred boundaries between trolling and other online anti-social behaviors, and the context dependency of trolling. To address these unresolved issues, we adopt a practice-based theoretical approach. Informed by this approach, we analyze trolling behaviors not as products of individuals' attitudes, values, and decisions, but rather as behaviors embedded within and occurring as part of social practices. Specifically, we conduct a practice-based theoretical analysis in a multi-site exploratory study involving online archival research and in-depth interviews with online community members. Based on this analysis, we propose that trolling be conceived as a constellation of three social practices: learning, assimilating, and transgressing. Also, we find that practices of trolling transgression can have a dual pro-social and anti-social impact in online communities.