一个看似简单的问题

题目是这样的: 有12个球,外表完全一样,其中11个球的质量相同,另一个与 其他球的质量不同,给你一个没有砝码的天平,要求称3次,找出 那个与其他质量不同的球. 刚拿到这题目时,觉得太简单了,小学生都会做.将球分成两 组,称第一次,确定在其中6个里面;再将6个分成两组,称第二次, 确定在其中3个里面;随便在剩余的3个中取两个分别放在天平两 侧,若平衡,则另一个是我们要找的球,若不平衡,则……想到这, 就以为问题已经解决了. 仔细考虑一下,会发现从第一次使用天平开始,就无法判断怪 …     

摄影作品选登

薰鑫蘸鬓夔蘸鬓纂兹份豁滋茄毅臻濒璐氰曝蘸译氢碘释卿一一 丈兰心撇鬓鑫鬓蒸馨鬃黔藻薰蘸薰蒸蘸翼薰篡薰蒸鬓蘸撇黝舞蒸撇鑫熊熟摊彭蒸粼蒸熬撇…){鬓鬓馨鬓纂黔耀撇薰羹;眼簇丢藉搜撅珍策康釜缓鬓鬓纂薰薰鬓l纂黝{纂l薰奥溺鬃薰鬃薰蒸翼攀黯夔藻颧翻麟翼l珊骤灌萎蒸彝翼黔摹鬃囊鬓夔鑫馨鬓薰摹鬓l薰黝藻摹瓢黝鬓薰)ll】馨鬓i馨l袅戴麟撇l薰鬓鬓馨蘸馨!{}彝黝纂襄器瑞淤豁荡慈{}l{‘魂遥}之】l】l{罐{人争球赵中心金砚汁摄影作品选登~~     

封面明星写真——恐龙

叹蒸月.,~目尸不耽扭信它们凳。‘八g产裕阅 在鸽球上生活了一亿五月仑预杖乍妞.卜封面明星写真——恐龙     

确定简单多面体外接球的球心的策略

简单多面体外接球问题是立体几何中的难点和重要的考点,此类问题实质是解决球的半径R或确定球心O的位置问题,其中球心的确定是关键.如何确定简单多面体外接球的球心,下面作一些归纳、总结.一、由球的定义确定球心在空间,如果一个定点与一个简单多面体的所有顶点的距离都相等,那么这个定点就是该简单多面体的外接球的球心.由上述性质,可以得到确定简单多面体外接球的球心的如下结论.     

论应力状态理论

借助数学工具解决弹性力学的基本问题,在弹性力学基本假定下详细解释什么是应力,其中包括应力的基本概念、如何描述一点处的应力状态及应力球张量与应力偏张量的基本内涵,并给出了定解问题所必须的边界条件,以及转轴作用下的应力转换方法和应力张量与应力偏量．     

球坑释放法测定物体表层残余应力的探索

球坑释放法是一种新的测定体表残余应力的方法。它用球形刀具钻小球坑，通过电阻应变片的变化，测量释放应变，然后计算出残余应力。通过一系列实验优先了球坑直径，以保证此法具有较高的灵敏度。最后进行了小球坑试样与小盲孔试样的疲劳寿命的比较。     

匀强电场中导体球表面感应电荷的分布规律

由导体球外周围空间的电势分布,确定其场强分布。再由场强与导体球表面电荷的关系进而确定导体球表面上感应电荷的分布规律.     

海绵橡皮长时应力松弛试验方法研究

通过对海绵橡皮长时应力松弛试验方法的研究,初步确定了适合于海绵橡皮的长时应力松弛试验方法;通过对试验结果进行的曲线拟合,得到了海绵橡皮长时应力松弛性能的数学模型;并采用对比性试验证明了试验方法可适用于海绵橡皮等薄型材料的长时应力松弛试验。     

不同蒸青制样对绿茶生化品质成分的影响

为了提高茶叶制样的工作效率,减小试验误差,本文对比研究了炒青制样与蒸青制样对绿茶生化成分含量的影响,并通过蒸青时间、烘干温度、烘干时间正交试验确立了蒸青制样的最佳工艺参数。结果表明：绿茶蒸青制样的生化品质含量比炒青制样略高;对各生化成分影响因素极显著的是蒸青时间,烘干温度只对茶多酚、氨基酸影响显著,烘干时间只对氨基酸、咖啡碱影响显著;对绿茶生化成分保持的最佳的蒸青工艺参数为：蒸青时间120s,烘干温度80℃,烘干时间4h。     

“轴对称”创新题例析

轴对称在社会生活、生产中应用十分广泛,有关它的试题新颖、灵活,备爱备受中考命题者青睐,现举两例以飨读者.一、利用轴对称确定一次函数关系式例1我们设想用电脑模拟台球游戏,为简单起见,约定:①每个球袋视为一个点,如果不遇到障碍,各球均沿直线前进;②A球击B球,意味着B球在A球前进的路线上,且B球被撞击后沿A球原来的方向前进;③球撞击桌边     

Theoretical and experimental study on shear lag effect of partially cable-stayed bridge

INTRODUCTION The Lanzhou Xiaoxihu Yellow River Bridge is one of few partially cable-stayed bridges. It is con-sidered a partially cable-stayed bridge because beams are under both axial loads and flexure loads. The cables are arranged in semi-fan configuration in a single plane so that they can be easily anchored to the tower. The cable-stayed portion is a 136 m center span with two 81.2 m side spans. The width of box girder’s top flange is 27.5 m, and the bottom flange’s width is 15.…     

Numerical simulation of residual stress field induced by laser shock processing with square spot

Laser shock processing (LSP), also known as laser peening, is a novel surface treatment technique in the past few years. Compressive residual stresses which imparted by LSP are very important for improving fatigue, corrosion and wear resistance of metals. Finite element analysis (FEA) simulation using ABAQUS software has been applied to predict residual stresses induced by LSP on Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy with laser pulse duration 30 ns and water confined ablation mode. The residual stress field generated by different shape laser spots was studied, and the square laser spot is shown the most suitability for avoiding stress lack phenomenon and overlapping LSP. Surface residual stresses and plastically affected depth within single square spot both increased with the increase of laser intensity and laser shock times. Furthermore, compared with circle and ellipse spot, the residual stress distribution in overlapping square spots is very uniform only with small overlapping ratio. LSP with square spot can process advantageous residual stress field, and this technique will be used widely.     

Fracture behavior characteristic of ceramic reinforced metal-base coatings

The fracture behavior of a ceramic reinforced metal-base coating prepared by high velocity arc spraying (HVAS)technology in three-point bending test was studied.Moreover,finite element analysis(FEA)was adopted to analyze the stress distribution in the crack front.It can be found that the crack norrnal to the interface in the coatings occurred at the location where a fixed moment of force was reached.So the critical moment can be taken as thecoating cracking criterion,which was confirmed by FEA results.In addition,the stress levels at three different locations where cracks occurred near the interface are almost the same.The results will provide reference for the design of coatings and the structure integrity evaluation of coating/substrate systems.     

Residual stress analysis and bow simulation of crystalline silicon solar cells

The pressure to reduce solar energy costs encourages efforts to reduce the thickness of silicon wafers. Thus, the cell bowing problem associated with the use of thin wafers has become increasingly important, as it can lead to the cracking of cells and thus to high yield losses. In this paper, a systematic approach for simulating the cell bowing induced by the firing process is presented. This approach consists of three processes: (1) the material properties are determined using a nanoidentation test; (2) the thicknesses of aluminum (Al) paste and silver (Ag) busbars and fingers are measured using scanning electron microscopy; (3) non-linear finite element analysis (FEA) is used for simulating the cell bowing induced by the firing process. As a result, the bowing obtained using FEA simulation agrees better with the experimental data than that using the bowing calculations suggested in literature. In addition, the total in-plane residual stress state in the wafer/cell due to the firing process can be determined using the FEA simulation. A detailed analysis of the firing-induced stress state in single crystalline silicon (sc-Si), cast, and edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) multi-crystalline silicon wafers of different thicknesses is presented. Based on this analysis, a simple residual stress calculation is developed to estimate the maximum in-plane principal stress in the wafers. It is also proposed that the metallization pattern, Ag busbars and fingers screen printed on the front of a solar cell, can be designed using this approach. A practical case of a 3-busbar Si solar cell is presented.     

表面磁钢永磁无刷电机电磁转矩的解析法分析

With the air gap magnetic field distribution of surface mounted permanent magnet （PM） motors obtained using an analytical technique, the instantaneous electromagnetic torque and its corresponding components are investigated with the Maxwell stress tensor method. Accurate results can easily be achieved using the proposed method without using the tedious finite element analysis （FEA）. In this paper, the electromagnetic torque of a surface mounted PM motor with two phases energized is decomposed into four torque components. This technique is useful not only for the design and optimization of the permanent magnet motor, but also for the choice of control strategy.     

表面磁钢永磁无刷电机电磁转矩的解析法分析

With the air gap magnetic field distribution of surface mounted permanent magnet (PM) motors obtained using an analytical technique, the instantaneous electromagnetic torque and its corresponding components are investigated with the Maxwell stress tensor method. Accurate results can easily be achieved using the proposed method without using the tedious finite element analysis (FEA). In this paper, the electromagnetic torque of a surface mounted PM motor with two phases energized is decomposed into four torque components. This technique is useful not only for the design and optimization of the permanent magnet motor, but also for the choice of control strategy.     

氯盐外侵和内掺引起的混凝土内钢筋锈蚀特征的比较研究

氯盐外侵和内掺氯盐是耐久性研究经常采用的两种加速试验方法．通过大量的构件破型发现：氯盐外侵试件中钢筋的锈蚀为靠近混凝土保护层一侧锈蚀比较严重,而背向一侧几乎没有发生;内掺氯盐试件中钢筋的锈蚀特征为钢筋四周均发生锈蚀,靠近混凝土保护层一侧的锈蚀较背向保护层的一侧严重．理论分析和试验研究结果表明混凝土内钢筋锈蚀特征取决于钢筋内外表面的活化状态及钢筋内外表面间宏观腐蚀电流Ig．     

Fatigue crack growth rate test using a frequency sweep method

Fatigue crack propagation characteristics of a diesel engine crankshaft are studied by measuring the fatigue crack growth rate using a frequency sweep method on a resonant fatigue test rig. Based on the phenomenon that the system frequency will change when the crack becomes large, this method can be directly applied to a complex component or structure. Finite element analyses （FEAs） are performed to calibrate the relation between the frequency change and the crack size, and to obtain the natural frequency of the test rig and the stress intensity factor （SIF） of growing cracks. The crack growth rate i.e. da/dN-AK of each crack size is obtained by combining the testing-time monitored data and FEA results. The results show that the crack growth rate of engine crankshaft, which is a component with complex geometry and special surface treatment, is quite different from that of a pure material. There is an apparent turning point in the Paris＇s crack partition. The cause of the fatigue crack growth is also discussed.     

6061-T4铝合金方管压弯构件平面内稳定性研究

为研究6061-T4铝合金方管压弯构件平面内稳定力学性能,建立ANSYS有限元模型,分析初始缺陷幅值和单元划分精度对数值计算稳定承载力的影响,并通过现有试验数据对ANSYS有限元模型加以验证。在此基础上,进一步分析构件长细比和荷载偏心率对构件稳定承载力的影响。将《铝合金结构设计规范》GB50429-2007压弯构件面内稳定计算公式得到的相关曲线与数值计算的相关曲线进行比较,发现规范公式偏保守较多。基于大量参数分析,建议对于强硬化铝合金,GB50429相关公式中修正系数η1改取0.8,将文中建议结果和数值计算结果进行比较,较原公式吻合更好。     

盾构施工参数对地层变形的影响

以南宁地铁一号线南湖段下穿隧道为工程背景,建立隧道开挖的三维有限元模型,通过数值分析,得到盾构施工过程中地层变形的分布规律,讨论盾构施工过程中注浆压力对地表沉降、水平位移及拱顶位移的影响,分析掌子面压力对地表隆起的影响规律。研究结果表明,注浆压力对地表变形会产生明显的影响,随着注浆压力的增大,地表沉降及水平位移明显减小。当掌子面压力大于0.1 MPa时,会引起掌子面前方土体产生向上的位移,地表隆起量随掌子面压力的增加而增大。