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1.
Richard L. Sparks Marjorie Artzer Jon Patton Leonore Ganschow Karen Miller Dorothy J. Hordubay Geri Walsh 《Annals of dyslexia》1998,48(1):239-270
In this study, the benefits of multisensory structured language (MSL) instruction in Spanish were examined. Participants were
students in high-school-level Spanish attending girls’ preparatory schools. Of the 55 participants, 39 qualified as at-risk
for foreign language learning difficulties and 16 were deemed not-at-risk. The at-risk students were assigned to one of three
conditions: (1) MSL—multisensory Spanish instruction in self-contained classrooms (n=14); (2) SC—traditional Spanish instruction provided in self-contained classrooms (n=11); and (3) NSC—traditional Spanish instruction in regular (not self-contained) Spanish classes (n=14). Not-at-risk students (n=16) received traditional Spanish instruction in regular classes similar to the instruction provided to the NSC group.
All three at-risk groups made significant gains over time on some native language skills regardless of teaching method. The
MSL group also made significant gains on a foreign language aptitude measure. The MSL group and the not-at-risk group made
greater gains than the two other at-risk groups on foreign language aptitude and native language measures of reading comprehension,
word recognition, and pseudoword reading.
Although most at-risk learners achieved an “expected” level of foreign language proficiency after two years of instruction,
significant group differences were found. On measures of oral and written foreign language proficiency, the MSL and not-at-risk
groups scored significantly higher than the at-risk groups instructed using traditional methods. After two years of Spanish
instruction, no differences in foreign language proficiency were found between the MSL group and the not-at-risk group. 相似文献
2.
Kelli R. Paquette Susan E. Fello Mary Renck Jalongo 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2007,35(1):65-73
Listening and reading comprehension can be assessed by analyzing children’s visual, verbal, and written representations of
their understandings. “Talking Drawings” (McConnell, S. (1993). Talking drawings: A strategy for assisting learners. Journal of Reading, 36(4), 260–269 is one strategy that enables children to combine their prior knowledge with the new information derived from
an expository text and “translate” those newly-acquired understandings into other symbol systems, including an oral discussion
with a partner, a more detailed drawing, and written labels for the drawing. The Talking Drawings strategy begins by inviting
children to create pre-learning drawings. These initial drawings are a way of taking inventory of a child’s current content
knowledge about a particular topic. After pre-learning drawings are created and shared, children listen to or read an expository
text (e.g., information book, passage from a textbook) on the same topic as their drawing. Pairs of students discuss the information
and either modify their pre-learning drawings to be more detailed or create completely new drawings that reflect the recently-acquired
information. Students are encouraged to label their drawings with words in a diagram or schematic fashion. By evaluating the
“before” and “after” artwork, educators can identify advances in students’ reading and listening comprehension of the terminology,
facts, and principles on a particular topic. 相似文献
3.
Nicole Harlaar Laurie Cutting Kirby Deater-Deckard Laura S. DeThorne Laura M. Justice Chris Schatschneider Lee A. Thompson Stephen A. Petrill 《Annals of dyslexia》2010,60(2):265-288
We examined the Simple View of reading from a behavioral genetic perspective. Two aspects of word decoding (phonological decoding
and word recognition), two aspects of oral language skill (listening comprehension and vocabulary), and reading comprehension
were assessed in a twin sample at age 9. Using latent factor models, we found that overlap among phonological decoding, word
recognition, listening comprehension, vocabulary, and reading comprehension was primarily due to genetic influences. Shared
environmental influences accounted for associations among word recognition, listening comprehension, vocabulary, and reading
comprehension. Independent of phonological decoding and word recognition, there was a separate genetic link between listening
comprehension, vocabulary, and reading comprehension and a specific shared environmental link between vocabulary and reading
comprehension. There were no residual genetic or environmental influences on reading comprehension. The findings provide evidence
for a genetic basis to the “Simple View” of reading. 相似文献
4.
R. Malatesha Joshi P. G. Aaron Nancy Hill Emily Ocker Dean Regina Boulware-Gooden William H. Rupley 《Learning Inquiry》2008,2(1):1-12
It is believed that language is an innate ability and, therefore, spoken language is acquired naturally and informally. In
contrast, written language is thought to be an invention and, therefore, has to be learned through formal instruction. An
alternate view, however, is that spoken language and written language are two forms of manifestations of the same inner language
and that under certain circumstances, they both are acquired the same way. Nevertheless, in reality, the motor mechanisms
for speech mature earlier than the ones needed for reading and writing, and, therefore, spoken language gains precedence and
is acquired earlier than the written language. Based on this rationale, it is hypothesized that if the option to communicate
through oral language is restricted, and children are made to communicate only through written language, we can expect written
language skill to emerge with greater force. This hypothesis was put to test by conducting a pilot study in which children’s
option to communicate with each other in the classroom was limited to written language for brief periods. One group of fourth
graders were allowed to communicate with each other for half an hour a day, 4 days a week, for a period of one semester only
through written language. No talking was allowed during this period. A comparison group of children were not restricted in
this way. We labeled this project “Drop Everything and Write” (DEAW). Both the groups were administered pre- and post-tests
of reading and spelling. After one semester of this program, children in the DEAW program achieved significantly higher scores
on tests of vocabulary, reading comprehension, and spelling than the comparison group. The DEAW group also improved greatly
in written language use. The results are interpreted to support the hypothesis. 相似文献
5.
Wim H. J. van Bon Paula H. Tooren Kees W. J. M. van Eekelen 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2000,15(3):259-270
The primary goal of this study was to compare a paper-and-pencil version of the lexical decision task, which can be administered groupwise, with reading aloud a differently ordered list of the same words and pseudowords. Participants were first and second graders (“normal readers”) and students from schools for children with learning difficulties. On the average, the latter “poor readers” scored at the same oral reading level as the normal readers, but were older. The correlation between both tasks appeared to be high and both tasks had comparable correlations with third variables, suggesting that performance is determined by the same processes. Because the lexical decision task showed little evidence for guessing, it may be an — even better — alternative for oral reading. No differences between participant groups were found that point to different reading strategies. Error analysis, however, indicates that the poor readers probably have a specific problem in the oral reading of pseudowords. 相似文献
6.
The major findings of several research projects that investigated dyslexic college students are summarized in this paper.
Consistent findings of these investigations led to the following conclusions. 1) Developmental dyslexia is a syndrome made
up of the following four symptoms: slow rate of reading, error-prone oral reading, poor written spelling, and grammatically
incorrect writing; 2) all these symptoms could be traced to a poor mastery of the grapheme-phoneme relational rules; 3) developmental
dyslexia can be found in subjects who appear to have adequate oral language skills; 4) ex-dyslexics who appear to be “poor
spellers but good readers” have subtle reading deficits; and 5) the 20 dyslexic subjects investigated appear to constitute
a homogeneous group which raises questions regarding dyslexia subtypes. 相似文献
7.
Despite the growing body of research investigating the nature of text-reading fluency and its relationship to comprehension
among monolingual children, very little is known about text-reading fluency for language minority (LM) learners reading in
English. The present study investigated the nature of text-reading fluency—its relationship to reading comprehension and its
predictors—for 76 Spanish-speaking LM fifth graders. Text-reading fluency explained unique variance in reading comprehension
above and beyond word-reading fluency and oral language competencies, but its effect was not robust. The impact of text-reading
fluency on comprehension was moderated by an interaction such that only students with proficient text-reading fluency and well-developed oral language demonstrated skilled comprehension. Word-reading fluency and decoding skill were significant
predictors of text-reading fluency. The results suggest that existing assumptions about the relationship between text-reading
fluency and comprehension may not readily apply to LM learners. 相似文献
8.
Philip B. Gough 《Annals of dyslexia》1996,46(1):1-20
The present article considers the contrast between conceptions of reading as a natural and as an unnatural act, relying on
the simple view of reading as a theoretical framework (Gough and Tunmer 1986). According to the simple view, reading comprehension
is a product of both listening comprehension and decoding. Here it is argued that the comprehension aspect of reading depends
on those same—natural—forces that govern acquisition of spoken language, whereas decoding depends on explicit tutelage, with
little evidence that children will induce the cipher from simple exposure to written words and their pronunciations (sight-word
instruction). Rejecting both sight-word and phonics instruction as inadequate in and of themselves, evidence is reviewed suggesting
that successful readers require explicit awareness of the phonological structure of spoken words, which can and should be
taught in kindergarten, prior to formal reading instruction. Beyond this point, reading success depends on a modicum of phonics
instruction together with extensive practice with reading itself. 相似文献
9.
In this paper we discuss the role of visual resources, namely Greek Sign Language videos, concept maps and pictures, and their
allocation in a multimedia educational software designed to enhance reading comprehension in deaf children. First, we summarize
research findings from three bodies of literature that informed the design of the software: reading comprehension and deaf
children, the role of visual displays in reading comprehension and multimedia learning theories. In the following part, we
describe the software “See and See” and explain how relevant theory and research regarding visual displays and multimedia
learning has been applied to its design. Finally, we present a pilot evaluation of “See and See” regarding the students’ interaction
with the software and its role in reading comprehension. 相似文献
10.
Richard L. Sparks Leonore Ganschow Silvia Kenneweg Karen Miller 《Annals of dyslexia》1991,41(1):96-118
Recent research findings suggest that students who have difficulty learning a second language have weaknesses in oral and
written native-language skills which affect their performance in the foreign-language classroom. These weaknesses involve
understanding the phonological, syntactic, and semantic codes of language. Evidence suggests that dyslexic/learning-disabled
and other “at risk” students who struggle in the second language classroom exhibit particular difficulty with the phonological
and syntactic codes of the language. The Orton-Gillingham method, a multisensory, structured language approach which adheres
to the direct and explicit teaching of phonology, is presented as an alternative to the “natural” communication approaches
recently developed by foreign-language educators to teach a second language. A method for adapting this approach for teaching
Spanish is described. 相似文献
11.
This study examined the extent to which mora deletion (phonological analysis), nonword repetition (phonological memory), rapid
automatized naming (RAN), and visual search abilities predict reading in Japanese kindergartners and first graders. Analogous
abilities have been identified as important predictors of reading skills in alphabetic languages like English. In contrast
to English, which is based on grapheme-phoneme relationships, the primary components of Japanese orthography are two syllabaries—hiragana
and katakana (collectively termed “kana”)—and a system of morphosyllabic symbols (kanji). Three RAN tasks (numbers, objects,
syllabary symbols [hiragana]) were used with kindergartners, with an additional kanji RAN task included for first graders.
Reading measures included accuracy and speed of passage reading for kindergartners and first graders, and reading comprehension
for first graders. In kindergartners, hiragana RAN and number RAN were the only significant predictors of reading accuracy
and speed. In first graders, kanji RAN and hiragana RAN predicted reading speed, whereas accuracy was predicted by mora deletion.
Reading comprehension was predicted by kanji RAN, mora deletion, and nonword repetition. Although number RAN did not contribute
unique variance to any reading measure, it correlated highly with kanji RAN. Implications of these findings for research and
practice are discussed. 相似文献
12.
The role of lexical knowledge and related linguistic components in typical and poor language comprehenders of Chinese 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The present study adapted the “Blueprint of the Reader” in comprehending language by Perfetti [2000, C. M. Brown & P. Hagoort.
(Eds.), The neurocognition of language (pp. 167–208). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press] as a framework for understanding Chinese language and reading comprehension
in a group of 361 secondary Forms 1, 3 and 4 Cantonese-speaking Chinese students (mean age of 15 years) in Hong Kong. This
framework with some modifications was tested with nine specially designed Chinese language and reading tasks with reasonably
high reliability and surface validity. The main hypothesis was that lexical knowledge consisting of derivational morphology;
correction of characters, words and sentences; segmentation of text into phrases and sentences; and writing to dictation should
explain considerable individual variations, as shown in the English literature. This was tested with component analyses and
multiple regression analyses. The total battery accounted for 66.80% of the variation while lexical knowledge alone explained
33.51% of the individual variation in the overall school performance in Chinese reading and writing. The second hypothesis
was that subgroups of poor and good language and reading comprehenders in Chinese would be expected to show overlapping yet
different component structures and their performance in the individual component tasks would be expected to differ as tested
with analyses of variance. The results confirmed this hypothesis. Task analyses of the written protocols of essay writing
and of morphological processing (prefixing and suffixing) provided insight into well-formed and poorly formed writing and
word formation according to principles of Chinese psycholinguistics and yielded information for theory-based practice. 相似文献
13.
Joseph P. Magliano Keith K. Millis Irwin Levinstein Chutima Boonthum 《Metacognition and Learning》2011,6(2):131-154
Comprehension emerges as the results of inference and strategic processes that support the construction of a coherent mental
model for a text. However, the vast majority of comprehension skills tests adopt a format that does not afford an assessment
of these processes as they operate during reading. This study assessed the viability of the Reading Strategy Assessment Tool
(RSAT), which is an automated computer-based reading assessment designed to measure readers’ comprehension and spontaneous
use of reading strategies while reading texts. In the tool, readers comprehend passages one sentence at a time, and are asked
either an indirect (“What are your thoughts regarding your understanding of the sentence in the context of the passage?”)
or direct (e.g., why X?) question after reading each pre-selected target sentence. The answers to the indirect questions are
analyzed on the extent that they contain words associated with comprehension processes. The answers to direct questions are
coded for the number of content words in common with an ideal answer, which is intended to be an assessment of emerging comprehension.
In the study, the RSAT approach was shown to predict measures of comprehension comparable to standardized tests. The RSAT
variables were also shown to correlate with human ratings. The results of this study constitute a “proof of concept” and demonstrate
that it is possible to develop a comprehension skills assessment tool that assesses both comprehension and comprehension strategies. 相似文献
14.
A. M. Bain 《Annals of dyslexia》1976,26(1):79-95
Conclusion These dyslexic youngsters were particularly weak in syntax. The level of productivity, the abstractness and originality of
ideas were diverse. Results of Table 1 differed somewhat from Myklebust’s study and warrant further attention with larger
groups of children. The subtle difficulties noted in spontaneous oral language should be explored further. Case 4 had the
most difficulty with oral language. It is quite possible that written work is helping him monitor and clarify his oral language.
With Case 3, the opposite seems true—oral language is perhaps aiding him in the sequencing of written language.
In many respects, this paper has raised a myriad of questions and offered no answers. I believe, however, that it illustrates
that written language is, indeed, the very last skill acquired by many youngsters. 相似文献
15.
Patrick Groff 《Annals of dyslexia》1991,41(1):81-95
This article reports the findings of a study of the opinions of first- and first/second-grade teachers of certain comments
made about the whole language approach to reading instruction by leading advocates of this procedure. The investigation revealed
that these teachers rejected as “false” more of these comments about the whole language approach than they accepted as “true.”
The findings of this study, apparently the first of their kind that have been reported, suggest that less progress has been
made in persuading teachers that the whole language approach to reading instruction is the preferred teaching procedure than
some leaders of the whole language movement previously have claimed. 相似文献
16.
Frances A. Conners 《Reading and writing》2009,22(5):591-613
Attentional control was investigated as a possible third component of reading comprehension, along with decoding and language
comprehension, within the Simple View of reading (Gough & Tunmer RASE: Remedial and Special Education 7:6–10, 1986; Hoover
& Gough Reading and Writing 2:127–160, 1990). Attentional control is the ability to suppress irrelevant prepotent responses
and activate relevant responses. This ability may help coordinate decoding and language comprehension during reading. In an
unselected sample of 67 eight-year-olds, attentional control contributed significant variance to reading comprehension after
controlling for decoding and language comprehension. Further, attentional control was similar to language comprehension in
the amount of unique variance accounted for. Five contrast measures were examined (performance IQ, print exposure, articulation
speed, phonemic awareness, and verbal short-term memory), but none was as good a candidate for a third component of reading
comprehension as attentional control. 相似文献
17.
This article is written to inspire curriculum developers to centre their efforts on the learning processes of students. It
presents a learning-based paradigm for higher education and demonstrates the close relationship between curriculum development
and students’ learning processes. The article has three sections: Section “The role of higher education (HE) institutions”
presents a discussion of the role of higher education in the knowledge society. Section “Contextual learning” presents the
paradigm of contextual learning which we see as a useful foundation for curriculum development. Section “Curriculum development
in practice—the BETA course” shows how a particular course in Business Economic Theory and Analysis has been developed using
this paradigm. The article will be of interest to all academics interested in students’ learning processes but is especially
relevant to those responsible for curriculum development. 相似文献
18.
Ann Champion 《Annals of dyslexia》1997,47(1):29-55
The present study was undertaken to measure and compare reading disabled and nondisabled readers’ semantic and syntactic knowledge
about derivational suffixes as a function of modality (reading versus listening) and as a function of the “neutrality” of
the derivative (neutral versus nonneutral). In the present study, neutrality refers to how straightforward and productive
is the relationship between the root and derived form, with “completeness” qualifying as a neutral derivative and “completion”
a nonneutral derivative. Two experimental tests were designed for the study. The Semantics test measured ability to extract
lexical-semantic information from suffixed words, and the Syntax test measured knowledge regarding the part-of-speech contribution
of derivational suffixes. In each test the target words were divided equally between neutral and nonneutral derivatives and
between items that were either read or listened to. Participants included 20 sixth-grade reading disabled students (6RD),
20 fourth-grade normal readers (4N), and 20 sixth-grade normal readers (6N).
In both the Semantics test and the Syntax test all groups scored better on neutral than on nonneutral derivatives while listening
and reading, and the RD students were no more affected by neutrality than the nondisabled readers. In the Semantics test all
groups scored better in listening than in reading, but the RD group showed the greatest oral-reading difference. The RD group
also scored better in listening than reading in the Syntax test (real words), whereas the two nondisabled groups scored better
in reading than in listening. Thus, the RD students were better able to demonstrate their knowledge of suffixed words in oral
language measures than in reading measures. 相似文献
19.
The purpose of the present study was to examine the predictive value of a dynamic test of English and French lexical specificity on at-risk reading classification in 13 at-risk and 44 not at-risk emerging English (L1)–French (L2) bilingual Grade 1 children (M = 75.87 months, SD = 3.18) enrolled in an early French immersion program in Canada. Lexical specificity was assessed with a computerized word learning game in which children were taught new English (e.g., “foal” and “sole”) and French (e.g., bac “bin” and bague “ring”) word pairs contrasted by minimal phonological differences. The results indicated that the dynamic test of lexical specificity in English contributed significantly to the prediction of children’s French at-risk reading status at the end of Grade 1 after controlling for French phonological awareness and nonverbal reasoning skills. However, French lexical specificity did not predict children’s reading risk classification in French after controlling for French phonological awareness. Thus, it may be feasible to identify at-risk status in emerging bilinguals using dynamic measures in their stronger language. 相似文献
20.
Native language predictors of foreign language proficiency and foreign language aptitude 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fifty-four students were tested at specific time intervals over 10 years to determine best native language (NL) predictors
of oral and written foreign language (FL) proficiency and FL aptitude. All participants completed two years of Spanish, French,
or German. Each was administered measures of NL literacy, oral language, and cognitive ability in elementary school. A measure
of FL aptitude was administered at the beginning of ninth grade and FL proficiency was evaluated at the end of the 10th grade.
Among the variables, NL literacy measures were the best predictors of FL proficiency, and NL achievement and general (verbal)
intelligence were strong predictors of FL aptitude. Results suggest that indices of NL literacy as early as first grade are
related to FL proficiency and FL aptitude nine and 10 years later. Findings provide strong support for connections between
L1 and L2 skills, and for speculation that “lower level” skills in phonological processing are important for written language
development and oral proficiency in a FL. 相似文献