Constitutive Pluralism of Chemistry: Thought Planning, Curriculum, Epistemological and Didactic Orientations

Maybe the most difficult aspect of thinking about chemistry arises from the fact that chemistry isn’t an homogeneous subject. As a central science, it draws on a range of philosophical perspectives which in turn can result in different cognitive, learning and teaching styles in chemical education. This idea, apparently non-controversial, needs to be validated by more research. Without assuming this constitutive pluralism, describing it, and determining it, it becomes difficult to think of curricular goals and content. Thus, if we intend to improve the teaching of chemistry it is necessary, first, to assume explicitly this constitutive pluralism, then to map it in order to find the guiding principles: first for the mind (thought process), then for the curriculum and finally for the teaching, in such a way that it is as close as possible to the chemical way of operating and thinking. This is the aim of this paper. It reports the authors’ experiences in drafting structural ideas and planning for the subject “didactic of chemistry” based on the philosophy of chemistry at the University of Porto in Portugal.     

Effects of subject-area degree and classroom experience on new chemistry teachers’ subject matter knowledge

Science teachers need to understand the subject matter they teach. While subject matter knowledge (SMK) can improve with classroom teaching experience, it is problematic that many secondary science teachers leave the profession before garnering extensive classroom experience. Furthermore, many new science teachers are assigned to teach science subjects for which they do not hold a degree. This study investigates the SMK of new secondary science teachers assigned to teach chemistry in their first three years of teaching. These new teachers do not have the advantage of years of experience to develop their SMK and half hold a degree in biology rather than chemistry. This qualitative study explores the effects of holding a degree in the subject area one teaches as well as classroom teaching experience on teachers’ SMK for two chemistry topics, conservation of mass and chemical equilibrium. Qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews indicated that the SMK of teachers who had a chemistry degree and more extensive classroom experience was more coherent, chemistry-focused, and sophisticated than that of teachers who lacked this preparation and experience. This study provides evidence that new science teachers’ SMK is influenced by both holding a degree in the subject area and having classroom experience.     

化学符号意义建构的实践性研究

化学符号是化学特有的语言,是学习化学的基础工具和基本技能。针对中学生在化学符号学习中存在的问题,以建构主义学习理论及奥苏贝尔的有意义学习理论为指导,提出了化学符号意义建构的基本原则、建构比较科学完整的化学符号意义的基本步骤、形成符号思维能力的教学策略,并进行了实践性研究。     

研究性学习在中学化学实验教学中的实践探索

中学化学研究性学习的一个关键领域是化学实验的研究性学习，在化学实验中开展研究性学习无疑是化学教学的重中之重。本阐述了化学实验教学过程中课堂演示实验和学生分组实验教学的点滴做法。     

化学化工专业英语教学方法之探讨

化学化工专业英语是大学化学教学中的重要内容之一,是帮助学生继续深造和提升就业能力的基础.化学化工专业英语的学习是基础英语学习的延续,是基础英语与化学专业知识的有机结合.分析了化学化工专业英语的特点,并提出了化学化工专业英语课堂教学改进的方法,如运用多种教学手段和采用课堂互动式教学等.     

农村中学化学实验教学现状与反思

通过对农村中学化学实验教学情况进行调查分析,发现由于学校资源条件的限制、教师教学水平和应试教育等因素的影响,实验教学严重缺失.就此,提出重视农村教育、加大教育投入;调整教育政策、保证学校生源;加强实验教学管理工作;改变教师观念、提高教师素质等措施以加强农村中学化学实验教学.     

高职化学计算机辅助教学初探

随着电子信息网络技术的快速发展,计算机辅助教学在化学教育中的应用越来越广泛,本文结合高职化学教学工作实践,对计算机辅助教学在化学课堂上的应用作了初步探索。     

优化初中化学教学的思考

初三化学是门起始课,作为入门的学科,许多学生往往对学习化学摸不着头脑,觉得它难学又难记,针对许多学生在初三化学的学习中效率不高,学习比较被动的现象,文章从“以学生发展为本”出发,以寓教于乐为手段,阐述在新课程理念下,教师如何在化学教学中发挥导趣、导疑、导思、导创的作用,从而优化初中化学教学,使化学课堂变得丰富多彩,充满乐趣。     

School Chemistry: An Historical and Philosophical Approach

Since at least the eighteenth century scientific knowledge (then natural philosophy) was produced in groups of experts and specialists and was transmitted in schools, where, future experts and specialists were trained. The design of teaching has always been a complex process particularly in recent years when educational aims (for example, teaching scientific competence to everyone, not just to experts and specialists) present significant challenges. These challenges are much more than a simple reorganisation of the scientific knowledge pre-determined by the existing teaching tradition for different educational level. In the context of chemical education, the new teaching approaches should bring about not only the transmission of chemical knowledge but also a genuine chemical activity so as to ensure that students can acquire chemical thinking. Chemistry teaching should be revised according to contemporary demands of schooling. In order to move forward towards new teaching proposals, we must identify the genuine questions that generate ‘chemical criteria’ and we should focus on them for teaching. We think that a good strategy is to look for those criteria in the philosophy and history of chemistry, from the perspective of didactics of science. This paper will examine the following questions: (1) How can school science be designed as a world-modelling activity by drawing on the philosophy of science. (2) How can ‘stories’ about the emergence of chemical entities be identified by looking at the history of chemistry? (3) How can modelling strategies be structured in school chemistry activities?     

任务型英语语言教学分析

任务型英语语言教学是一种系统性的语言教学方法。此种教学模式以"任务"为中心,其主要目的便是完成"任务",而其所凭借的手段在于"任务"的设计与执行。任务型英语语言教学重视学生的自身生活经历,将学生视作学习活动的主体,重视学生作为学习主体的学习过程。"任务型教学模式区别于其他交际教学模式最根本的特点就是它更强调采用具有明确目标的‘任务’来帮助语言学习者更主动地学习和运用语言。"任务型英语语言教学,是指在英语语言的教学过程中应用任务型的教学模式与方法,这种教学模式的一大好处便在于,其教学过程更具动态性,其间伴随着介于师生间的交流与互动,这种教学模式大大提升了英语语言教学的趣味性,使英语语言教学不再拘束于过往乏味、枯燥的模式,从而使得英语语言教学更加高效、高质。     

探究开放式化学实验教学培养大学生的能动性

开放实验是提高学生综合素质及创新能力的一种新型实验教学模式。开放式化学实验教学具有实验时间、实验内容、实验教学估价开放的特点。开放式化学实验在培养学生能动性方面有其独特的效用,就开放式化学实验在教学方法、手段及内容方面做相应的改革,使之更适合于培养大学生的能动性,以培养具有＂基础扎实、知识面广、能力强、素质高＂的优秀应用人才。     

浅谈在化学教学中怎样用好课堂教学语言

课堂教学是一门艺术，是由许多因素构成的，其中教师的课堂语言是一个重要的因素。教师大量的教学活动是通过语言进行的，可见语言是化学教学中最重要的组成部分之一。本文仅从几个不同方面论述做为化学教师如何才能更好的用好课堂教学语言。     

Gender,complexity, and science for all: Systemizing and its impact on motivation to learn science for different science subjects

The present study is based on a large cross‐cultural study, which showed that a systemizing cognition type has a high impact on motivation to learn science, while the impact of gender is only indirect thorough systemizing. The present study uses the same structural equation model as in the cross‐cultural study and separately tests it for physics, chemistry, and biology. The model was confirmed for physics and chemistry, but not for biology. This is interpreted as empirical evidence for a cognitive difference between the learning of hard sciences (like physics and chemistry) and life sciences (like biology) that reflects an epistemological difference between ordered (linear) and complex (non‐linear) systems. It is concluded that a more prominent inclusion of complex issues into science teaching could motivate low and average systemizers, independent of their gender, for science learning, that is, could be a key to science for all. Thus, there is a mutual benefit between important 21st century's issues of science teaching and the need to foster students’ motivation to learn science. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 55: 147–171, 2018     

浅议话语分析与外语教学

话语分析是被同一个语言交际圈中的成员所使用的语言检查手段。对外语老师来说，话语分析不仅仅是调查他们自己教学实践的研究方法，而且也是研究语言学习者之间交互作用的一种工具。本文讨论了话语分析和第二语言教学之间的相互关系，并指出语言学习者如何使用话语分析探究语言是什么的问题，以及如何应用话语分析在不同的语境中达成交际目的。本文还讨论了如何利用话语分析创建更准确的第二语言学习环境，从而鼓励学习者更有效地利用第二语言达到交际目的。     

英语课堂教师话语与可理解性输入

教师话语是教师在外语课堂上组织和从事教学所使用的语言。由于缺乏英语语言学习的外部环境,教师话语就成为学生语言输入的主要来源。然而,在教学过程中,许多教师只重视教授的内容,不注重学生的可理解程度,这严重阻碍了学生的语言习得过程。本文探讨了教师话语与可理解性输入的关系,并提出了使教师话语更容易被理解的方式。     

Teaching Chemistry and Chemical Textbooks in France. From Beguin to Lemery

In the seventeenth century the status of chemistry changed remarkably. Chemistry was no longer regarded as a manual practice subordinated to medicine but as an independent discipline that was taught both privately and in universities. In Germany, it became part of the medical teaching in several universities, while in the rest of Europe the introduction of chemistry in the university curricula was a much slower process, as it was often taught outside the universities. This was the case of France, where a strong opposition from the Medical Faculty prevented the introduction of chemistry in the university curricula. Nonetheless, thanks to the support of the King physicians and of members of the court, chemical teaching spread in Paris, both in private courses and at the Jardin du Roi. The present paper investigates chemistry teaching and the chemical textbooks published in France in the seventeenth century. The focus of the enquiry is the definition of the aims and scopes of chemistry to be found in the chemical textbooks, as well as its relationships to other disciplines, notably, medicine and natural philosophy.     

在我院开设物理化学双语教学初探

改革传统的教学方法,探索物理化学双语教学模式.采用双语教学,有利于促进教师和学生的外语学习,从而培养出适应现代社会的有用人才.探讨了双语教学中存在问题,提出相应的建议.     

计算机化学软件在大学有机化学教学中的应用研究

为了能够准确地反映一些基本的化学问题,比如稳定性、反应机理等等,需要对分子进行分析,就涉及到理论分析和计算问题,因此计算机化学得到了较快的发展.这些计算机化学软件具有其独特的性质,可以实现人机的交互,并且可展示具有形象直观等特点.笔者从具体的教学案例入手,在化学教学中,利用计算机化学软件,丰富课堂的教学内容,活跃课堂学习气氛,提高了学生对学习化学的热情,课堂教学的效果显著.     

浅谈比较法在化学教学中的运用

比较是确定事物同异关系的思维过程和方法。比较法是化学教学的重要方法,它在化学教学中有广泛的用途。该文指出了比较法的类型及其教学作用,并从化学概念、物质的结构和性质、化学反应类型、实验等方面介绍了比较法在化学教学中的运用,说明了化学可以与其它学科中相关知识进行比较及运用比较法需注意的问题。