Validation of criterion-referenced standards for the mile run and progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance tests

The purpose of this study was to validate criterion-referenced standards for cardiovascular endurance tests using the criterion-groups validation model. Adolescent boys and girls assigned to either untrained or trained groups were administered the mile run and Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) tests. Selection of optimal criterion standards was based on finding a cutting score that minimized the probability of misclassification errors and maximized the probability of making correct decisions based on participation in physical activity. The results of this study suggest that recent changes in FITNESSGRAM standards are appropriate, especially for the PACER test. While modifications of standards have corrected somewhat for disparities in passing rates between the mile run and the PACER, especially for girls, further study of standards is necessary.     

Development of 1-mile walk tests to estimate aerobic fitness in children

To examine the reliability and validity of 1-mile walk tests for estimation of aerobic fitness (VO_2max) in 10- to 13-year-old children and to cross-validate previously published equations. Participants (n = 61) walked 1-mile on two different days. Self-reported physical activity, demographic variables, and aerobic fitness were used in multiple regression analyses. Eight models were developed with various combinations of predictors. The recommended model for fitness testing in schools was: VO_2max = 120.702 + (4.114 × Sex [F = 0, M = 1]) – (2.918 × 1-mile Walk Time [min]) – (2.841 × Age), R = .73, standard error of estimate = 6.36 mL·kg^?1·min^?1. Cross-validation of previously published equations demonstrated lower correlations with measured VO_2max than the newly developed walk tests. Evidence of reliability and validity for 1-mile walk tests to estimate VO_2max in young children was provided. The model that included 1-mile walk time, age, and sex may be appropriate for youth fitness testing in physical education, particularly for unmotivated or overweight young children.     

Progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run and body mass index among an ethnically diverse sample of 10-15-year-olds

This study examined the cardiovascular fitness (CVF, Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run [PACER], number of laps completed) and the prevalence of at risk of overweight (AR) and overweight (OW) among 10-15-year-olds (48% girls)from the following ethnic backgrounds: African American (n = 2,604), Asian-Pacific Islander (n = 3,888), Hispanic (n = 11,680); and White non-Hispanic (n = 16,352). Hierarchal multiple linear regression analysis, controlling for height and weight, with White non-Hispanics serving as the comparison group, revealed a limited number of significant differences among PACER performances, with no values exceeding +/- 4.43 laps. Odds ratios (OR) for being classified as AR or OW were significantly greater (p < .01) in African American (OR = 1.25, 1.65) and Hispanic (OR = 2.33, 2.28) boys and girls, respectively, and Asian boys (OR = 1.43). The results of this cross-sectional analysis indicated negligible differences in CVF among ethnic groups, while AR and OW were consistent with previous reports for ethnic populations.     

发展有氧耐力的生理学分析

有氧耐力是指机体从事长时间运动的重要能力，有氧训练可以有效地改善机体的心肺功能，提高神经系统的协调性，发展有氧耐力。本主要阐明了发展有氧耐力的生理学依据以及发展有氧耐力的控制原则。     

后退跑与走对中老年人心肺机能及冠心病的影响

研究后退跑与走对人体心肺机能及冠心病的影响。结果显示:后退跑比相应向前跑速度均为150m·min-1的NE、VO2、HR、血HL含量分别高112%、84 6%、47 3%、212 5%,并有显著差异。而在每分钟增加2%的坡度运动至力竭时,向前跑(150m·min-1)比后退跑(110m·min-1)的VE、VO2、HR、血HL要高,这就要求在机体恢复期内,可用后退跑和走的练习来促进组织的修复,提高心肺机能,减少冠心病的发病率,对延缓衰老具有一定作用。     

有氧代谢能力与耐力项目训练中运动强度的选择

全面阐述了有氧代谢能力的概念，提出了最大摄氧量、无氧阈、最大摄氧量平台的持续时间都应是耐力训练的目标。在此基础上讨论了发展此3项目标应采用的训练强度。     

A modified incremental shuttle run test for the determination of peak shuttle running speed and the prediction of maximal oxygen uptake

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of subject drop-out on a multi-stage shuttle run test and a modified incremental shuttle run test in which speed was increased by 0.014m.s-1 every 20-m shuttle to avoid the need for verbal speed cues. Analysis of the multi-stage shuttle run test with 208 elite female netball players and 381 elite male lacrosse players found that 13 (+/-3) players stopped after the first shuttle of each new level, in comparison with 5 (+/-2) players on any other shuttle. No obvious drop-out pattern was observed on the incremental shuttle run test with 273 male and 79 female undergraduate students. The mean difference between a test-retest condition (n= 20) for peak shuttle running speed (-0.03+/- 0.01m.s-1) and maximal heart rate (0.4+/- 0.1 beats.min-1) on the incremental test showed no bias (P > 0.05). The 95% absolute confidence limits of agreement were 0.11m.s-1 for peak shuttle running speed and +/-5 beats.min-1 for maximal heart rate. The relationship (n= 27) between peak shuttle running speed on the incremental shuttle run test (4.22+/- 0.14m.s-1) and VO2max (59.0+/- 1.7ml.kg-1.min-1) was r=0.91 (P< 0.01), with a standard error of prediction of 2.6ml.kg-1.min-1. These results suggest verbal cues during the multi-stage shuttle run test may influence subject drop-out. The incremental shuttle run test shows no obvious drop-out patten and provides a valid estimate of VO2max.     

中外优秀男子跳远运动员助跑及起跳技术特征的比较

从绝对速度、助跑速度利用率、起跳支撑缓冲能力、起跳蹬伸时机等主要技术环节，对我国跳远运动员与世界跳远运动员进行了比较分析，找出差距所在，为我国跳远训练提供理论依据。     

A modified incremental shuttle run test for the determination of peak shuttle running speed and the prediction of maximal oxygen uptake.

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of subject drop-out on a multi-stage shuttle run test and a modified incremental shuttle run test in which speed was increased by 0.014 m x s(-1) every 20-m shuttle to avoid the need for verbal speed cues. Analysis of the multi-stage shuttle run test with 208 elite female netball players and 381 elite male lacrosse players found that 13 (+/-3) players stopped after the first shuttle of each new level, in comparison with 5 (+/-2) players on any other shuttle. No obvious drop-out pattern was observed on the incremental shuttle run test with 273 male and 79 female undergraduate students. The mean difference between a test-retest condition (n = 20) for peak shuttle running speed (-0.03+/-0.01 m x s(-1)) and maximal heart rate (0.4+/-0.1 beats x min(-1)) on the incremental test showed no bias (P > 0.05). The 95% absolute confidence limits of agreement were+/-0.11 m x s(-1) for peak shuttle running speed and+/-5 beats min(-1) for maximal heart rate. The relationship (n = 27) between peak shuttle running speed on the incremental shuttle run test (4.22+/-0.14 m x s(-1)) and VO2max (59.0+/-1.7 ml kg(-1) x min(-1)) was r= 0.91 (P< 0.01), with a standard error of prediction of +/-2.6 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1). These results suggest verbal cues during the multi-stage shuttle run test may influence subject drop-out. The incremental shuttle run test shows no obvious drop-out patten and provides a valid estimate of VO2max.     

跑节省化(RE)和最大摄氧量评价耐力训练效果的比较研究

通过观察与分析耐力训练对跑节省化(RE)和最大摄氧量(VO2max)的影响,探讨RE指标在表达耐力训练效果方面的应用价值.对42名士兵进行10周5 km长跑训练,测定训练前后的VO2max和RE,并运用主成分分析方法对耐力训练效果的指标进行相对重要程度的分析.结果显示:5 km长跑训练使普通人的R-VO2max增加了4.0%(P<0.01),RE各指标有非常显著的下降(3.0%～9.0%,P<0.05),提示RE在评价耐力训练效果方面较之VO2max有更明显的敏感性;在表达耐力训练效果方面,RE的贡献率和因子载荷均高于VO2max.研究结果表明,RE在评价普通人群耐力训练效果方面优于VO2max指标.     

心肌营养素-1的心血管效应与运动心脏重塑关系的研究进展

1 CT-1的心血管效应1.1 CT-1的生物学特征序列同源性比较及结构分析表明,CT-1属于IL-6细胞因子家族,该家族细胞因子在氨基酸序列上的同源性并不高(15%~25%),但在四级结构上都含有类似的4个两亲性α螺旋。小鼠CT-1含203个氨基酸,其CT-1mRNA全长约1.4kb;大鼠CT-1基因氨基酸序列有     

回转滑雪一个滑降周期中心率变化特征的研究

对5名二级回转滑雪运动员1个滑降周期中心率(HR)的变化进行分析，结果表明，一个滑降周期中心率变化可分为3期，并就3个时期的不同HR反应。分别提出训练中应注意的问题。同时结合滑雪运动的供能特点，提出了加大运动量的具体方法和有关夏训中应着重提高的身体素质。     

有氧运动对心血管系统内皮素及一氧化氮的影响

采用文献资料研究法,分析了有氧运动对心血管系统内皮素（ET）和一氧化氮（NO）影响的现状,提出有氧运动能明显降低血浆ET含量,升高血清NO含量,使ET/NO比值下降,对增强心肌泵血功能和心肌有氧能力,改善心肌和骨骼肌等重要组织的血供有重要意义。     

A comparison of the anthropometric, strength, endurance and flexibility characteristics of female elite and recreational climbers and non-climbers.

There is limited information on the anthropometry, strength, endurance and flexibility of female rock climbers. The aim of this study was to compare these characteristics in three groups of females: Group 1 comprised 10 elite climbers aged 31.3 +/- 5.0 years (mean +/- s) who had led to a standard of 'hard very severe'; Group 2 consisted of 10 recreational climbers aged 24.1 +/- 4.0 years who had led to a standard of 'severe'; and Group 3 comprised 10 physically active individuals aged 28.5 +/- 5.0 years who had not previously rock-climbed. The tests included finger strength (grip strength, finger strength measured on climbing-specific apparatus), flexibility, bent arm hang and pull-ups. Regression procedures (analysis of covariance) were used to examine the influence of body mass, leg length, height and age. For finger strength, the elite climbers recorded significantly higher values (P < 0.05) than the recreational climbers and non-climbers (four fingers, right hand: elite 321 +/- 18 N, recreational 251 +/- 14 N, non-climbers 256 +/- 15 N; four fingers, left hand: elite 307 +/- 14 N, recreational 248 +/- 12 N, non-climbers 243 +/- 11 N). For grip strength of the right hand, the elite climbers recorded significantly higher values than the recreational climbers only (elite 338 +/- 12 N, recreational 289 +/- 10 N, non-climbers 307 +/- 11 N). The results suggest that elite climbers have greater finger strength than recreational climbers and non-climbers.     

心率在不同项群中的应用与评价

采用文献资料法以及在许多学者研究结果的基础上,对心率在不同项群中的应用进行归纳和总结。研究发现：心率可以比较准确地描述身体机能对运动刺激的即刻反应或者慢性适应;运动中心率随机体代谢的需要而增加,在一定范围内可反映运动的强度、机体的代谢水平。     

长期有氧运动对慢性心力衰竭大鼠心肌能量代谢的调节

为探讨长期有氧运动对慢性心力衰竭大鼠心肌能量代谢的调节及可能机制.将结扎大鼠冠状动脉建立心梗后心衰模型,休息4周后随机分为假手术安静组(Sham)、心梗安静组(MI-Sed)和心梗运动组(MI-Ex),MI-Ex组进行为期8周的跑台运动,Sham组和MI-Sed组保持安静状态.实验结束后,左心室导管法测定血流动力学参数,包括左心室收缩期压力(LVSP)、左心室舒张末期压力(LVEDP)、左心室压力最大上升速率(+(dp/dt)max)和左室压力最大下降速率((-dp/dt)max);Masson 染色进行心脏组织病理学观察;比色法测定心肌糖原、脂肪酸(FA)和乳酸含量;实时荧光定量PCR检测心肌过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)和肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-1(CPT-1)mRNA水平;Western blot法检测心肌AMPK、葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)和过氧化物酶体增殖物受体γ共激活因子-lα(PGC-1α)表达水平.结果得到,与Sham组比较,MI-Sed组LVSP、±(dp/dt)max都非常显著性下降(P<0.01),LVEDP则都非常显著性升高(P<0.01);心肌糖原含量降低(P<0.01)、FA与乳酸含量升高(均为P<0.01);心肌PPARα和CPT-1 mRNA降低(P<0.01),磷酸化AMPKα(p-AMPKα)蛋白水平升高(P<0.05)、GLUT4和PGC-1α蛋白下降(P<0.01).与MI-Sed组比较,MI-Ex组LVSP、±(dp/dt)max都非常显著性升高(P<0.01),LVEDP则非常显著性下降(P<0.01);心肌糖原含量升高(P<0.05),FA 和乳酸含量下降(P<0.01);心肌 PPARα和 CPT-1 mRNA 以及p-AMPKα、GLUT4和PGC-1α蛋白水平均非常显著性升高(P<0.01).结果表明,长期有氧运动通过激活AMPK及其下游信号通路改善了HF心脏的代谢性重塑并提高心功能.     

Comparison of different theoretical models estimating peak power output and maximal oxygen uptake in trained and elite triathletes and endurance cyclists in the velodrome

The aim of this study was to assess which of the equations that estimate peak power output and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in the velodrome adapt best to the measurements made by reference systems. Thirty-four endurance cyclists and triathletes performed one incremental test in the laboratory and two tests in the velodrome. Maximal oxygen uptake and peak power output were measured with an indirect calorimetry system in the laboratory and with the SRM training system in the velodrome. The peak power output and VO2max of the field test were estimated by means of different equations. The agreement between the estimated and the reference values was assessed with the Bland-Altman method. The equation of Olds et al. (1995) showed the best agreement with respect to the peak power output reference values, and that of McCole et al. (1990) was the only equation to show good agreement with respect to the VO2max reference values. The VO2max values showed a higher coefficient of determination with respect to maximal aerobic speed when they were expressed in relative terms. In conclusion, the equations of Olds et al. (1995) and McCole et al. (1990) were best at estimating peak power output and VO2max in the velodrome, respectively.     

12min跑对大学生心肺机能影响的研究

大学生经过有氧训练，能使其有氧代谢能力和心肺功能得到显着改善。12min跑是身体机能检查项目，是测试血管水平和心肺功能的一种方法。经过对开展和未开展这一项目测试学校的对比分析表明，将12min跑列入高校体育必修课考试项目，既适合大学生的身体状况，又可以促进大学生参加有氧代谢运动。